BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILES OF Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus - LINNAEUS, 1758) EXPOSED TO SOLID WASTE LEACHATE

Authors

  • S.O. AYOOLA
  • C.E. EJIKEME
  • V.F. AKINJOGUNLA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2024.1004.14.388

Keywords:

Landfill leachate,, Oreochromis niloticus,, histopathology,, biochemical toxicity,, LC50,, aquatic pollution

Abstract

Landfill sites pose significant environmental and human health risks due to the production of leachate, which is heterogeneous and varies temporally and seasonally. This study evaluates the impact of leachate from the Olusosun landfill on 300 post-juvenile Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus), assessing biochemical and histopathological toxicity. Fish were exposed to acute concentrations of leachate for 96 hours, and the lethal concentration (LC50) was determined using probit analysis. The percentage mortality was recorded at increasing leachate concentrations (580 mL, 600 mL, 620 mL, 640 mL, and 660 mL). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, while organs (liver, kidney, gills, and muscles) were extracted for histopathological examination after 28 days. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA. The 96-hour LC50 value of leachate was 39.05 mL/L, with mortality rates increasing from 0% to 100% as concentration levels rose. Fish exposed to higher concentrations exhibited abnormal swimming behaviors and progressive skin discoloration, with dead fish becoming noticeably lighter in color. Histopathological analysis revealed severe necrosis in the gills and sinusoidal congestion in the liver. Biochemical analysis showed fluctuating creatinine levels, indicating physiological stress. The findings suggest that lower leachate concentrations increase survival chances, while high concentrations pose severe toxic effects. Due to the toxic effects of landfill leachate on O. niloticus, it is recommended that landfills be located away from aquatic ecosystems or that alternative waste management strategies such as closed landfill systems be considered to prevent water contamination.

References

Abdel-Tawwab, M., Mousa, M. A. A., Ahmad, M. H. & Sakr, S. F. M. (2007). The use of calcium pre-exposure as a protective agent against environmental copper toxicity for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture, 264(1–4): 236-246.

Ajani, E. K. & Ayoola, S. O. (2010). Acute toxicity of Piscicidal Plant Extracts (Adeniacissampeloides) on Tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus) Juveniles. Iranica J Energ Environ. 1, 246–254.

Akinjogunla V. F., Lawal-Are, A. O, & Soyinka, O. O. (2017) Proximate Composition and Mineral Contents of Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea gasar) from Lagos Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Nig J Fisheries Aquac, 5, 36–49.

Akinjogunla, V. F. & Lawal-Are, A. O. (2020). Seasonal Assessment of the Impacts of Heavy Metal Deposits in Mangrove Oyster – Crassotrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) from the Mangrove Swamp of The Lagos Lagoon Lagos. Nigerian Journal of Experimental Research, 8, 21–31.

Akinjogunla, V. F., Mudi, Z. R., Akinnigbagbe, O. R. & Akinnigbagbe, A. E. (2021). Biochemical Profile of the Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) from the Mangrove Swamps, South-West, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Natural Products Research; 5 (12):2137-2143.

Akinjogunla, V. F., Muazu, T. A., Ajeigbe, S. O., Usman, M. D. & Ibrahim, H. (2022). Cytogenotoxicity of aqueous azadirachta indica a. Juss extracts on Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (linnaeus, 1758) under static exposure. Tropical Journal of Natural Products Research, 6(7), 1159 – 1164.

Akinjogunla, Victoria Folakemi, Ejikeme, Charity Ebelechukwu, Udoinyang, Enenwan Precious & Mustapha, Aishat Ayobami (2023). Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Assessment of Trace Metals Bioaccumulation in the Lagos Lagoon and Edible Tissues of the Southern Pink Shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis - Pérez-Farfante, 1967). Agricultural Science and Technology, 15(3); 46-56

Akinjogunla, V. F. & Usman, B. I. (2023). Biochemical compositions in the carcasses of some indigenous finfishes in Ajiwa Irrigation Dam, Katsina State, Northern Nigeria. Acta Natura Et Scientia. 4(2): 216 – 224

Akinranti S. & Ajibola, A. (2017). Leachate Quality Characteristics and Groundwater Contamination around active and closed landfills in Lagos, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research, 9(9), 2224-5790

Akmal, T. & Jamil, F. (2021). Assessing health damages from improper disposal of solid waste in metropolitan Islamabad-Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Sustainability, 13, 2717.

Authman, M. M. N., Ibrahim, S. A., El-Kasheif, M. A & Gaber, H. S. (2013).. Heavy metals pollution and their effects on gills and liver of the Nile Catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawy Drain, Egypt. Global Veterinaria, 10(2), 103-115

Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W. T & Gaafar, A. Y. (2012). Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissue’s structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84(1), 163-172.

Ayoola, S. O., Kuton, M. P,, Idowu, A. A. & Adelekun, A. B. (2011). Acute toxicity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ipomoea aquatic leaf. Nat Sci. 9,91-99.

Ayoola, S.O. (2008). Toxicity of herbicide, glyphosate on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Juvenile. African J. Agric. Res., 3, 825-834.

Bernet D, Schmidt H, Meier W, Burkhardt-Holm P. & Wahli T. Histopathology in fish: proposal for a protocol to assess aquatic pollution. J Fish Dis., 22(1):25–34.

Dalzochio, T., & Gehlen, G. (2016). Confounding Factors in Biomonitoring Using Fish. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 11(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2016.01.08

Ejikeme, C. E., Ayoola, S. O. & Akinola, M. O. (2019). Effect of Season on Genotoxicity and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from the Niger River, Nigeria. African Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management. 4, 9-20.

Elghobashy, H. A., Zaghloul, K. H. & Metwally M. A. A. (2001). Effect of some water pollutants on the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus collected from the River Nile and some Egyptian lakes. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 5(4), 251-279.

Fanta, E., F. S. Rios, S. Romão, A. C. C. Vianna & S. Freiberger. 2003. Histopathology of the fish Corydoras paleatus contaminated with sublethal levels of organophosphorus in water and food. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 54: 119-130.

Ferronato, N. & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 24;16(6), 1060. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16061060. PMID: 30909625; PMCID: PMC6466021.

Gernhofer, M., M. Pawet, M. Schramm, E. Müller & R. Triebskorn. (2001). Ultrastructural biomarkers as tools to characterize the health status of fish in contaminated streams. Journal of Aquatic Ecossystem, Stress and Recovery, 8: 241-260

Hadi, A., Shokr, A. & Alwan, S. (2009). Effects of aluminum on the biochemical parameters of fresh water fish Tilapia zilli. Journal of Science and Its Applications, 3(1), 33-41.

Haluzová I, Modrá H, Blahová J, Maršálek P, Groch L, Široká Z, etal (2011). The effects of Click 500 SC (terbuthylazine) on commoncarp Cyprinus carpio under (sub)chronic conditions. Neuroendo-crinol Lett. 32: 15–24

Jaskelevicius, B. & Lynikien, V. (2009). Investigation of Influence of Lapes Landfill Leachate on Ground and Surface Water Pollution with Heavy Metals, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 17(3), 131–139.

Kaoud, H. & El-Dahshan, A. (2017). Bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations of the heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus fish. Nature and Science, 1(3), 32-37.

Marina, M., Camargo, P., Cláudia, B. and Martinez, R. (2007). Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotropical ichthyology. 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252007000300013

Midhat, A. E., Hanan, S. G., Mohammad, M. N. A & Seham, A. I. (2013). Histopathological and physiological observations of the kidney and spleen of the Nile catfish, Clarias gariepinus inhabiting El-Rahawy drain, Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9(1), 872-884.

Mourad Mohamed, Mahmoud Tanekhy, Ekbal. Wassif, Hanem Abdel-Tawab, & Afaf Mohamed (2017). Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus at Lake of Edku. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 55 (2), 40 – 51. DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.276968

Natarajan, P., Tesfay, Z. & Teame, T. (2016). Analysis of Diet and Biochemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Tekeze Reservoir and Lake Hashenge, Ethiopia. J Fisheries Livest Prod, 4, 172.

Nnaji, C. C. (2015). Status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal in Nigeria. Management of Environmental Quality, 26(1),53 – 71.doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-08-2013-0092

Olujimi, O. O., Ajayi, O. L. & Oputu, O. U. (2016). Toxicity assessment of Olusosun and Igando leachates using the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as Bioindicator species. Ife Journal of Science, 18(3), 1-9.

Olukanni, D. O., Olujide, J. A. & Kehinde, E. O. (2017). Evaluation of the impact of Dumpsite Leachate on Groundwater Quality in a Residential Institution in Ota, Nigeria. Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology, 1(1), 2-16.

Oshode, O. A., Bakare, A. A., Adeogun, A. O., Efuntoye, M. O. & Sowunmi, A. A. (2008). Ecotoxicological assessment using Clarias gariepinus and microbial characterization of leachate from municipal solid waste landfill. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(4), 391-400.

Palavi, G. & Srivastava, N. (2006). Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of zinc on histological changes and bioaccumulation of zinc by kidney of fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Journal of Environmental Biology, 27, 211-217.

Plessl, C., Otachi, E. O., Körner, W., Avenant-Oldewage, A. & Jirsa, F. (2017). Fish as bioindicators for trace element pollution from two contrasting lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya: spatial and temporal aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(24), 19767–19776.

Promkaew, N., Soontornchainaksaeng, P., Jampatong, S. & Rojanavipart, P. (2010). Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Pendimethalin in maize and onion. Kasetsart J Nat Sci, 44, 1010– 1015.

Sangodoyin, A. Y. (1993). Considerations on contamination of groundwater by waste disposal systems in Nigeria. Environmental Technology, 14, 957-964

Saravanan, M., Ramesh, M., Malarvizhi, A. & Petkam, R. (2011). Toxicity of neem leaf extracts (AzadirachtaindicaA. Juss) on some hematological, ion regulatory, biochemical and enzymological parameters of Indian Major Carp, Cirrhinusmrigala. J Trop Forest Environ; 1, 14-26.

Sayed, A. E. H., Mekkawy, I. A. A. & Mahmoud, U. M. (2011). Effects of 4-nonylphenol on metabolic enzymes, some ions and biochemical blood parameters of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 5(9), 287-297

Slaoui, M. & Fiette, L. (2011). Histopathology Procedures: From Tissue Sampling to Histopathological Evaluation. Methods in molecular biology, 691, 69-82.

Tayel, S. I., Yacoub, A. M. & Mahmoud, S. A. (2008). Histopathological and haematological responses to freshwater pollution in the Nile catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Egyptian Academic Society for Environmental Development (D-Environmental Studies), 9(4), 43-60.

Tayel, S. I., Ibrahim, S. A., Authman, M. M. N. & El-Kasheif, M. A. (2007). Assessment of Sabal drainage canal water quality and its effect on blood and spleen histology of Oreochromis niloticus. African Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1),97-107.

Tiwary, M. K. & Pandey, A. (2014). Feeding neem (Azadirachtaindica) products to small ruminants as anthelmentics. Food Sci Technol Lett.1, 10 -17

Umi, A. R., Sharifah, S. I., Emilia, Z. A. & Praveena, S. M. (2014). Landfill Leachate Toxicity Analysis with Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique Tilapia): A Review. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 18(2), 198-216.

Van Dyk JC, Marchand MJ, Smit NJ, Pieterse GM. A histology-based fish health assessment of four commercially and ecologically important species from the Okavango Delta panhandle, Botswana. Afr J Aquat Sci. 2009;34(3):273–82.)

Yang, J. L. & Chen, H. C. (2003). Effects of gallium on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): acute test, serum biochemistry, and erythrocyte morphology. Chemosphere, 53(8): 877-882.

Zaki, M. S., Mostafa, S. O., Fawzi, O. M., Khafagy, M. & Bayumi, F. S. (2009). Clinicopathological, Biochemical and Microbiological Change on Grey Mullet Exposed to Cadmium Chloride. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 5(1), 20-23.

Downloads

Published

2025-05-13