FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, NIGERIA
CONSUMERS’ PREFERENCES AND DETERMINANTS OF RETAIL TOMATO PURCHASE DECISION IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
This study examines consumers’ preferences and the key determinants of retail tomato purchase decisions in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 144 tomato consumers using a structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews and electronically recorded using Kobo Toolbox. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were employed to analyse collected data. The results show that traditional open markets and street vendors dominate tomato retail patronage, reflecting the central role of informal retail channels in urban food provisioning. Proximity, affordability, and perceived freshness were the most frequently cited reasons for outlet choice. Factor analysis identified four major constructs. Quality, Price, Location, and Attitude which together explained 73.6% of the total variance in consumer preferences. Quality-related attributes associated with handling and freshness preservation emerged as the most influential determinants, followed by price-related factors and outlet accessibility. Attitudinal factors, including consumers’ confidence in judging tomato quality, also played a significant role in shaping purchasing behaviour. The findings suggest that consumer preferences for tomatoes in Kano Metropolis are multidimensional, driven primarily by freshness cues, price sensitivity, and convenience. The study highlights the need for improved post-harvest handling practices, better hygiene in informal markets, and enhanced retail infrastructure to improve product quality and consumer satisfaction. These results provide useful insights for policymakers and value chain actors seeking to strengthen urban tomato marketing systems and improve food access in rapidly growing cities.
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IMPACT OF LAND DEGRADATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALLHOLDER SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM) FARMERS AND THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES ON THEIR OUTPUT IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
This study examined the impact of land degradation on the productivity and efficiency of smallholder sugarcane farmers and the role of agricultural extension services in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 546 farmers, comprising 205 affected and 341 non-affected farmers. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression techniques. The results revealed significant differences in efficiency levels between the two groups. Affected farmers recorded lower mean technical efficiency (0.56) compared to non-affected farmers (0.73), indicating reduced capacity to convert inputs into output due to poor soil conditions. Allocative efficiency findings showed that 62.5% of affected farmers operated below 0.40 efficiency, reflecting poor input combination decisions, while non-affected farmers demonstrated better responsiveness to input prices. Similarly, economic efficiency results indicated that affected farmers were largely concentrated in lower efficiency categories, implying higher production costs relative to output. The regression analysis showed that agricultural extension services significantly influenced farmers’ output, with variables such as extension visits, access to credit, seminars, workshops, and field days positively affecting productivity. However, the impact was stronger among non-affected farmers, suggesting that land quality conditions moderate the effectiveness of extension services. The study concludes that land degradation significantly reduces productivity and efficiency in sugarcane production, while effective extension services enhance output but are constrained under degraded conditions. It recommends sustainable land management practices, strengthened extension delivery, improved access to credit, and policies aimed at soil restoration to enhance productivity and ensure sustainable sugarcane production in the study area.
SOIL DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED LAND-USE TYPES OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the status of soil degradation across three prevalent land uses; farmland, grazing land, and tree plantations in Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State, where a total of eighteen (18) samples (six per land use) using simple random soil sampling methods were collected within the depths of 0-20 cm and composites of two samples for each land use were made and tested for physical (bulk density, texture) and chemical (N, P, K, ESP, BSP, EC, OM) properties. The laboratory results obtained were compared with the standard indicators and criteria for land degradation assessment according to FAO, 1979. The results revealed varying degrees of degradation; physical degradation was evident with tree plantations and grazing lands exhibiting higher bulk density (1.4–1.7 g cm⁻³). Most soils textureof the area were sandy (>85% sand), though some farmlands showed improved silt content (120–130 g kg⁻¹). Chemical degradation was discerned with low P (6.16–51.9 mg kg⁻¹), N (0.1–0.19%), and K (0.33–0.43 cmol/kg) respectively, organic matter depletion (0.58–1.91%) and BS below (1%) signifying very high degradation were observed, while some sites have shown high ESP (up to 31%). EC values in all the sites are within the standard (< 2 dS/m). From the findings, the comparison of the status of the soil's physical and chemical properties with the FAO standard shows that the area is undergoing degradation. Therefore, sustainable land management strategies, including rotational grazing, organic amendments, gypsum application, and agroforestry, were recommended to enhance the soil structure and fertility of the study area. Additionally, policy interventions for promoting soil conservation and farmer education are also needed to combat ongoing degradation and ensure long-term agricultural productivity.
GROWTH AND FORAGE QUALITY OF NAPIER GRASS AS RUMINANT FEED, INFLUENCED BY POULTRY LITTER APPLICATION RATE AND HARVEST AGE
This study evaluated the effects of poultry litter application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 tons/ha) and harvest ages (45, 60, 75, and 90 days after cutback, DAC) on the growth parameters, biomass yield, proximate composition, and cell wall fiber fractions of Napier grass. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University Wukari. Poultry litter application rate significantly (p < 0.05) influenced plant height, leaf width, number of tillers, leaf: stem ratio, leaf area index (LAI), and biomass yield, with the highest biomass yield (41.04 tons/ha) recorded at 10 tons/ha. Harvest age significantly affected all measured parameters except leaf: stem ratio and stand circumference. Biomass yield peaked at 75 DAC (38.86 tons/ha), while crude protein (CP) content was highest at 60 DAC (7.85%) and lowest at 75 DAC (4.97%). Fiber fractions increased with maturity. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) between poultry litter and harvest age were observed for most growth and quality parameters. The combination of 15 t/ha poultry litter harvested at 45 DAC produced the highest CP (9.65%), while 10 tons/ha harvested at 75 DAC gave the highest biomass (48.76 tons/ha). Crude protein values across all treatments fell below the 8–12% requirement for goat production, indicating the necessity for protein supplementation. For an optimal balance of biomass yield and forage quality in smallholder goat production systems in Taraba State, poultry litter application at 10 t/ha combined with harvest at 60–75 DAC is recommended
EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER APPLICATION RATE AND MATURITY ON GROWTH COMPONENTS AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SUPER NAPIER GRASS AS RUMINANT FEED
The study was conducted at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria, to evaluate the effect of poultry litter application rate and harvesting age on growth components, herbage yield and nutritional value of Super-Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum americanum). The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arranged in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Four levels of poultry litter (0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha) and four harvesting ages (45, 60, 75, and 90 days after cutback) were evaluated. Results showed that increasing poultry litter application rate significantly (P<0.05) improved plant height, stand circumference, number of tillers, stem girth, leaf area index, and biomass yield. Plots that received 15 t/ha recorded the highest plant height (272.81 cm) and biomass yield (71.70 t/ha), while the control recorded the lowest (232.53 cm and 29.57 t/ha, respectively). Harvesting at 90 days after cutback produced the tallest plants (297.42 cm) and the highest biomass (60.14 t/ha), but with the lowest crude protein content (6.27% DM) and the highest Lignin fraction (19.71%). The 60-day harvest yielded the highest crude protein (7.32% DM). A significant (P<0.05) interaction effect was observed between application rate and harvesting age for most growth and nutritional parameters. It was concluded that poultry litter at 10 t/ha combined with harvesting at 60 days after cutback optimizes both yield and nutritional quality of Super Napier grass for ruminant feeding in the Nigerian Guinea Savanna zone
ASSESSMENT OF THE PROFITABILITY AND CONSTRAINTS OF RABBIT PRODUCTION IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Rabbit production is an emerging enterprise in Nigeria with potential to enhance rural livelihoods and food security. This study assessed the profitability and constraints of rabbit farming in Oyo State. A total of 198 respondents were sampled using three-stage sampling method. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, production costs, revenue, and constraints were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis. Results indicated that the majority of farmers were economically active adults (mean age = 41.73 years), predominantly male (62.12%), and relatively educated, with 58.59% attaining tertiary education. Small to medium flock sizes (mean = 13.45 rabbits) were common, and most respondents had limited experience (≤5 years) in rabbit production. Cooperative societies were the main source of financing, while access to extension services was low (10.6%). Economic analysis revealed that rabbit production was profitable, with a mean gross profit of ₦8,665.80, Net Farm Income of ₦3,750.44, Net Profit Margin of 16.44%, return on investment of 0.20, and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.2. Major constraints faced by the rabbit farmers included high feed cost, lack of training or extension services, fluctuating market prices, poor market access, and high mortality rates. The study concluded that while rabbit farming in Oyo State is economically viable, its sustainability is limited by several constraints. Recommendations include promoting affordable feed alternatives, strengthening extension and training programs, enhancing market access, improving veterinary support, and facilitating access to credit.
YIELD PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA VARIETIES (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) UNDER VARYING PLANT POPULATIONS AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER RATES IN NIGERIAN SAVANNA ZONE
Two field trials were conducted during the 2023 rainy season in Dutsin-Ma and Funtua to assess the yield performance of cowpea varieties (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) as influenced by plant population and phosphorus fertilizer rates in the savanna zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three varieties (SAMPEA 20T, SAMPEA 19 and ZAFA), three plant populations (22,267, 26,667 and 33,333 plants ha-1) and three phosphorus rates (30, 60 and 90 P2O5 kg ha-1). A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications. The varietal effect significantly (P<0.05) increased cowpea yield and yield components. SAMPEA 19 demonstrated superior grain yield ha-1 performance (1766kg) compared to ZAFA (1671kg) and SAMPEA (1514kg) in Dutsin-Ma, while ZAFA yielded superior (1915kg) to SAMPEA 19(1856kg) and SAMPEA 20T(1782kg) in Funtua. The plant population of 33,333 cowpea plants ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield ha-1 (1747kg) than that of plant population 26,667(1603kg) and 22,267(1600kg) in Dutsin-Ma, while plant population of 26,667 gave significantly higher grain yield ha-1 (2016kg) than 33,333(1782kg) and 22,267(1755kg) in Funtua. Applying phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased cowpea yield and yield components. Applying 30 P2O5 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield (1880 kg ha-1) than 1547 and 1524 kg ha-1 for 60 and 90kg P2O5 ha-1 in Dutsin-Ma, respectively, and higher grain yield (2051 kg ha-1) than 1802 and 1700 kg ha-1 for 60 and 90kg P2O5 ha-1 in Funtua, respectively. Applying 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 is the most suitable rate for cowpea production in both locations.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF MUSK MELON (Cucumis melo L.) VARIETIES TO INTRA-ROW SPACING AND POULTRY MANURE RATE IN NIGERIAN SAVANNA
A two-location trial was conducted during the 2023 wet season in Dutsin-Ma, Sudan Savanna ecological zone, and Malumfashi, Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone, Nigeria, to evaluate the growth performance of Musk melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties as influenced by intra-row spacing and rates of poultry manure application. The treatments consisted 2x3x4 factorial combinations of two varieties of musk melon (NEPTUNE F1 and URANUS F1), three different intra-row spacing (25cm, 50cm and 75cm) and four poultry manure rates (0, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare). The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Variety was only significant (P<0.05) on shoot dry weight and net assimilation rate, where NEPTUNE F1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher shoot dry weight and net assimilation rate than URANUS F1. Intra row spacing significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters, where sowing musk melon at 50cm produced significantly (P<0.05) higher shoot dry weight, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate than other intra row spacings, but 75cm intra row spacing showed better performance on number of leaves and vine length than other intra row spacings in both locations. Application of poultry manure significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters, where applying 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher values than most of the measured growth parameters. In conclusion, sowing NEPTUNE F1 at an intra-row spacing of 50 cm with the application of 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced better growth performance of musk melon in the study area.
EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL STRATEGIES ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) VARIETIES IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNA
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 10.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F79646 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">A field trials was conducted in 2015 wet seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of Samaru College of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (11° 11' N, 07° 38' E, and 686m above sea level) located in the northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria and Institute of Agricultural Research Station, Minjibir, Kano state (110 50’N, 08036’E and 458m above sea level) in the Sudan savannah ecological zone of Nigeria respectively. The treatment was factorially combined and laid down in a split plot design with three groundnut varieties SAMNUT24, SAMNUT23 and KAMPALA occupying the main plot and five level of weed control that is weedy check, black polythene mulching, white polythene mulching, pre-emergence herbicide only (Pendimenthalin at 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1) and manual weeding at 3 and 6 WAS allocated to the subplot and replicated thrice. The results indicated that Plot grown to SAMNUT23 and SAMNUT24 significantly produced the highest hill count with early flowering than to KAMPALA at both locations. SAMNUT24 were generally taller than SAMNUT23 and KAMPALA at 9 WAS. The use of black polythene mulch or hoe weeding twice at 3 and 6 WAS resulted to taller plants at 9 WAS as well as had the earlier in days to 50% flowering than the weedy check. Plots with black and white polythene mulch, pendimenthalin at 1.5 a.i. kg ha-1 and hoe weeded at 3 and 6 WAS respectively, significantly led to production of more fresh and dry biomass, at 70 days and better haulm weight at harvest than plot grown to weedy check. Based on the results, it can be concluded that SAMNUT24 groundnut variety outperformed SAMUNT23 and KAMPALA with respect to growth characters. While, the use of black polythene mulch or hoe weeded at 3 and 6 WAS controls weed more effectively and resulted in better growth of groundnut in both locations.
EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IN THE AGRO-PROCESSING PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT (APPEAL) EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME ON WOMEN’S HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOODS IN KANO AND KADUNA STATES, NIGERIA
This study examined the effect of women participation in the Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Programme on their household livelihoods in Kano and Kaduna States, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the participants, identified their livelihood activities, examined the effect of programme participation on their income, and identified constraints faced in the programme. Primary data were collected from 278 women beneficiaries, and descriptive statistics and a paired sample t-test were used to analyse changes in their income before and after programme participation. Results showed that women were largely young to middle-aged, socially integrated, and engaged in diverse livelihood activities, with farming (39.6%) and trading (23%) being most common. The paired t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in income across all livelihood categories, with mean income rising by ₦50,000 in farming, ₦56,500 in trading, ₦55,500 in processing, ₦46,000 in livestock, and ₦58,000 in artisan work (p < 0.01). Despite these gains, women faced constraints including poor market access (57.6%) and limited extension services (50.4%). The study concluded that APPEALS substantially improved women’s economic outcomes and recommends strengthening market linkages and gender-responsive support services.
DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN THE APPEALS EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Women play a vital role in agricultural production and rural livelihoods in Nigeria, yet their participation in empowerment programmes remains limited by socio-economic and cultural barriers. This study examined the determinants of women’s participation in the Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Programme in Kano and Kaduna States. Specifically, the study sought to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of women beneficiaries; assess their level of participation in programme livelihood activities; identify factors influencing their participation, and examine the constraints limiting effective engagement. Using a quantitative research method approach involving a survey of 278 women beneficiaries, descriptive statistics and a Tobit regression model were employed to analyse the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that women were mostly young to middle-aged, married, moderately educated, and strongly connected through associations, which enhanced their inclusion in the programme. Participation in farming, trading, processing, livestock and artisan activities was high, with approximately 84–85% of women demonstrating moderate to full engagement. Tobit regression results of the factors influencing participation showed that marital status (β= 0.390), occupation (β=0.600), income-generating activities (β=0.580), association membership (β=0.620), years of residence (β=0.020), and urban exposure (β=0.080) significantly increased participation. However, constraints such as poor market access, limited extension contact, high input costs, cultural norms, inadequate training, and infrastructure deficits hindered full engagement. The study recommends strengthening cooperative structures, enhancing gender-sensitive extension services, and reducing structural barriers to foster inclusive women’s empowerment.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) AMONG RICE FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The study analyzed the factors influencing rice farmers’ use of Information and Communication Technologies in six selected Local Government Areas of Kano State. The study described the socio-economic characteristics, determined factors influencing the use of ICTs and identified the perceived constraints associated with the use of ICTs by rice farmers in the study area. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 680 respondents for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression model. The result showed that the majority (70.59%) of rice farmers were male. Most (51.47%) of them were between 41-50 years of age, indicating that they were in their productive years. The majority were married (58.97%) and had large household size (61%) of between 6-10 people. Educationally, 61.76% of them were secondary certificate holders with farming experience (57.79%) between 6-10 years and 69.56% cultivated 1.1-2.0hectares of lands. The result also revealed that farmers belonged to one cooperative society and another (59.41%) with 6–10years of membership and a mean of 8years. Farmers equally had access to extension services (57.21%) and no credit facility (73.68%). The study revealed that age, sex, farming experience, household size, farm size, educational level, extension contact and membership of cooperatives significantly influenced rice farmers’ use of ICTs with an R2 value of 0.86. The perceived constraints of the farmers were high cost of ICTs, inadequate access to extension services and lack of credit facilities, epileptic network, power and electricity supplies and language barriers. It was concluded that socio-economic factors significantly influenced ICT usage among rice farmers. Farmers should make use of their membership of cooperatives to contribute money together in eradicating the problem of high cost of ICTs and also install alternative source of power to equally overcome the problem of irregular power supply.
TOMATO JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS AND EGG YOLK EXTENDERS IMPROVES BROILER ROOSTER SEMEN EXTENSION
The use of semen extenders is essential for maximizing the potential of artificial insemination in the poultry sector. The aim of this study was to assess whether a tomato-based semen extender is appropriate for semen extension in a Broiler parent stock. Three broiler roosters were used the experiment was replicated three times. The process of semen collection involved the stimulation of the copulatory organ through gentle massage of the abdomen and back areas surrounding the testes. The semen was evaluated at room temperature. Pre-extension Semen parameters evaluated were semen volume, pH, motility, concentration, morphological abnormalities and viability which were; 0.45 ± 0.05, 7.25 ± 0.35, 85 ± 7.07, 2.65 ± 0.35 (×109), 8 ± 2.43 and 94 ± 1.41 respectively. Post-extension semen parameters were evaluated at 0, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 hours. Extenders used were; Sodium citrate-Egg yolk (control), Sodium citrate and Tomato juice, Physiological solutions (Normal saline, Dextrose, and Dextrose-saline), Tomato juice and Physiological solutions and Tomato juice and Egg yolk. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and means were analyze using ANOVA. Generally, sperms motility decreased significantly with time in all the extenders. However, the combination of sodium citrate, Tomato juice and Egg-yolk based extender significantly improved semen extension up to 60% at 9 hours post extension. The study recommends the use of combination of Sodium citrate, Tomato juice and Egg-yolk for the extension of broiler rooster semen.
PLANT-BASED SEMEN EXTENDERS IN RESOURCE-LIMITED AQUACULTURE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CUCUMBER JUICE FOR AFRICAN CATFISH
Conventional semen extenders pose challenges in resource-limited settings due to high costs and cold chain dependency. This systematic review evaluates plant-based alternatives, emphasizing cucumber juice (Cucumis sativus) for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Following PRISMA guidelines, searches of Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar identified 48 studies (35 mammalian, 13 non-mammalian) meeting inclusion criteria. Analysis reveals that plant-based extenders function through dual antioxidant and antimicrobial mechanisms: phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins) scavenge reactive oxygen species while organic acids suppress bacterial proliferation below the spermicidal threshold of 10⁶-10⁷ CFU/mL. Optimal cucumber juice concentrations of 10-20% (v/v) improved motility duration, fertility, and hatchability in C. gariepinus while reducing oxidative markers and bacterial loads. A critical finding is the persistent divergence between mammalian cryopreservation-focused research and aquaculture's emphasis on ambient-temperature solutions using whole plant materials a translational gap representing both limitation and opportunity. Critical appraisal revealed methodological heterogeneity in extract preparation (fresh juices, aqueous/methanolic extracts, commercial lecithin) and inconsistent outcome reporting, with only 25% of studies including fertility outcomes and 43.8% reporting microbial data. No studies provided economic analyses despite claims of affordability. Research priorities include mechanistic characterization of bioactive compounds, standardized preparation protocols, fertility validation under field conditions, and cost-benefit analyses. This review confirms cucumber juice-based extenders offer a sustainable technology for artificial reproduction in resource-limited aquaculture, though standardized protocols and field validation remain essential prerequisites for widespread adoption.
TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY, SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL, BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ASSESSMENT IN GUYAKU GRAZING RESERVE, GOMBI LGA, ADAMAWA STATE.
Forests provide a variety of products and services to human societies, sustain diverse flora and fauna, and, through their interception and processing of solar energy and precipitation, influence climate and the composition of the atmosphere. Deforestation and degradation of forests lead to the emission of carbon dioxide through the burning of forest biomass and the decomposition of plant parts, soil carbon, which accelerates and contributes to a long-term rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This research aimed at determining tree species diversity, soil physicochemical, biomass and carbon stock assessment in Guyaku grazing reserve. Systematic line transects were employed in the laying of the plots. Two parallel transects of 1500m in length with a distance of 500m between the two parallel transects in the grazing reserves. Sample plots of 50m x 50m in size were laid in alternate rows along each transect at 100m intervals, with 4 sample plots per 1500m transect, totalling 8 sample plots. In each sample plot, all living trees with dbh ≥10cm were identified and measured for diameter at the base, middle and top and total height. Diameter tape/girth and Spiegel relaskop were used for tree height and diameter at the base, middle, top and dbh measurement. Soil samples were taken from four soil depths of 0 – 15cm, 16 – 30cm, 31 – 45cm and 46 – 60cm at three points (i.e. at the two edges and middle of the line). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test of significance was used to determine the difference in each soil nutrient according to depth, tree density, species diversity and richness, basal area and bio – volume of the six grazing reserves. Results show that 13 species, 6 families, 86 species/plot and 43 nha-1. Total Ba/ha 0.38cm and 4.39m3 vol/ha. The Fabaceae family has the highest frequency 30 while unknown and moraceae lowest with 7 and 8, respectively. Dbh and height class range 0-10 to 41-50 and <11 to 21-30, respectively. Total biomass, carbon stock and CO2 (5.70ton/ha, 2.85ton/ha and 10.45kg) respectively. Textural classes are sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Physical properties revealed sand 65.58±8.55% higher than silt and clay. Total bulk density 1.52±0.08g/cm3, lower than particle density 2.63±0.23glcm3. Porosity at 41.39±8.05%, while WHC at 19.74±3.08% moderate. Chemical properties showed that PH 6.52±0.33 is slightly alkaline, EC at 0.07±0.05ds/m. Organic matter 2.15±0.24% higher than OC and TN. Av-p at 9.10±0.74mg/kg. ECEC at 7.64±1.47cmol/kg is higher than Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, AI, TEB, TEA. PBS at 83.52±3.97% higher than ESP at 7.57±2.68%. The findings revealed that porous soils slightly improve growth, with soil structure and mineral density playing roles in dominant tree development. Furthermore, growth traits are moderate to strong and positive, showing good structural consistency. It is recommended that strengthening protection and sustainable management of forest and grazing reserves minimise biodiversity loss and implement comprehensive soil protection strategies.
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND METHODS OF APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF WATERLEAF (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) (Jacq.))
Screen house trial was conducted to study the effect of plant growth hormones and methods of application on the growth and yield of waterleaf. The treatments consisted of three growth regulators (salicylic acid at the rate of 0.4g/L, coconut water at the rate of 100ml, and brassinolide at the rate of 0.1mg/L) with distilled water as control, and two methods of application of growth regulators viz; soaking and spraying, laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six replicates. Healthy juvenile stem cuttings of uniform length (10cm) were obtained and growth hormones were applied using the quick dip method for soaking and hand sprayer for spraying in accordance with the treatments. Number of days to first foliage sprout, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of days to flowering, shoot and root green biomass were studied at 7days interval. Results indicated that growth hormones significantly (p< 0.05) influenced plant height, number of leaves, days to first sprout, number of branches, absolute growth rate, fresh shoot and root weight. The fresh biomass yield of waterleaf was significantly increased by growth hormones. Salicylic acid recorded 41% and 44%, Coconut water, 27% and 25%, and Brassinolides 23% and 27% in the first and second trials respectively, relative to the control. Methods of application of the growth regulators did not significantly influenced growth of waterleaf implying that both soaking and spraying of salicylic acid, coconut water and brassinolides to stem cuttings could be adopted for improved growth and yield performances of waterleaf.
ASSESSMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN LIVESTOCK GROUP ACTIVITIES IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
Livestock production plays a significant role in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, contributing to food security, income generation, and poverty alleviation. In Kwara state, the involvement of both male and female farmers is essential for improving productivity and fostering inclusive agricultural development. The main objectives of the study was to assess the level of participation of male and female farmers in livestock group activities. Specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of livestock groups farmers in the study area, examine the level of participation in male and female livestock production activities, and identify the factors associated with participation between male and female in livestock group. An interview schedule was used to extract information from One hundred and Eighty-two Livestock groups farmers using Frequency counts, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, and Logistic regression analysis. Findings revealed that Male respondents were predominantly aged 41 above (50.4%) while female respondents 40years of age bracket (59.6%) with a mean score (38.6), secondary education being the most common (36.0% for males, 40.4% for females), majority of respondents were married (90.4% of males, 84.2% of females). Male respondents have low participation (MS 2.55) compared to female respondents demonstrated significantly higher involvement in livestock production activities (MS 2.58). The study conclude that women are actively involved in livestock production activities in the study area and the study recommended promoting inclusive livestock development programs; to address barriers to participation and leverage the strengths of both genders.
ANALYSIS OF CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMERS’ FOOD SECURITY STATUS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
The study focused on estimating the food security status of crop-livestock farmers in Kaduna State. Data were collected from 351 farmers using questionnaire. Tools of analysis used were descriptive statistics and food security index. Results shows that the mean age of most farmers 38 years. Average household size is 8 persons. Average farm sizes is 3.5 hectares., with an average farming experience of 8years in crop-livestock integration. Most (53%) of the farmers do not belong to any cooperative society, while, 59% had contact with extension agent, and 68% do not have access to credit. Food security index showed that few households 21% were food secured with an average calorie intake of 4325.13kcal daily, and 79% were food insecure with an average calorie intake of 1287.77kcal daily. 45% of farmers identified high cost of inputs, while 38% of farmers identified inadequate capital as constraints respectively. The study recommends that households who are not food secured be assisted, both by Government and Non-Government Organizations with farm input at a subsidise rate, to help them increase production of staple crops and livestock to enhance their income and by extension improve their food security status.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION MAPPING OF EARLY LEAF SPOT RESISTANCE AND YIELD TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) REVEALS NOVEL SNP MARKERS FOR MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING
Groundnut, an important food and oilseed crop globally, but its productivity is constrained by early leaf spot (ELS) disease and limited genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) for ELS resistance and pod weight sing 3,592 SNP markers in a mini core collection of groundnut accessions. After quality filtering, 964 SNPs were retained for downstream analyses. Population structure analysis using STRUCTURE software revealed two subpopulations, consistent with cluster analysis based on geographic origin. LD decay was moderate, dropping to r² = 0.1 at approximately 2 Mb, which is suitable for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Nineteen significant MTAs (p < 0.001) were identified across environments and conditions. SNP marker SM01 on chromosomes A05 and B05 showed a remarkably high phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of 63.56% for ELS at 65 days after sowing (DAS), indicating a strong potential for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Other moderate-effect SNPs such as SM02 and SM07 demonstrated stable associations across locations and conditions, particularly for ELS at 90 DAS and pod weight. The findings confirm the feasibility of using SNP-based GWAS for dissecting complex traits in groundnut and highlight genomic regions of interest for breeding ELS-resistant and high-yielding cultivars. The identified markers provide a valuable genomic resource for accelerating genetic improvement in groundnut through MAS and genomic selection. Future work should focus on validating these markers across diverse germplasm and environments to ensure robust application in breeding programs.
WEED CONTROL STRATEGIES AND VARIETAL RESPONSE EFFECTS ON SOYBEAN GROWTH, YIELD, AND WEED SUPPRESSION IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA
A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 rainy season at Bayero University Kano (BUK) and Bunkure to evaluate the effects of weed control methods and soybean varieties on growth, yield, and weed suppression efficiency in the Sudan Savannah. Treatments consisted of three soybean varieties (TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1835-10E, and TGX 1951-3F) combined with six weed control practices: hoe weeding (HW) at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), Pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹), Imazethapyr (100 g a.i. ha⁻¹), Pendimethalin + Supplementary how weeding (SHW) at 6 WAS, Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr, and a weedy check, replicated thrice in a Randomized complete block design. Results showed that weed control significantly (p < 0.001) improved plant height, leaf area index, pod number, and yield compared with the weedy check. HW at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) recorded the highest pod yield (2,904 kg ha-1 at BUK; 4,715 kg ha-1 at Bunkure) and the greatest weed control efficiency (70.6% & 84.0%) at BUK and Bunkure, while the weedy check consistently had the lowest yields (1,403 and 1,323 kg ha-1) and zero efficiency. Similarly, Pendimethalin at 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1) + Imazethapyr (100 g a.i. ha-1) achieved competitive yields (2,675 kg ha-1 at BUK; 4,587 kg ha-1 at Bunkure) and high weed control efficiency (65.8% and 79.7%). Among varieties, TGX 1951-3F was most productive, yielding 2,456 kg ha-1 at BUK and 2,899 kg ha-1 at Bunkure, due to superior competitiveness and reduced weed dry matter. The significant (p < 0.001) interaction between weed control methods and varieties showed that HW at 3 and 6 WAS combined with TGX 1951-3F produced maximum yields (3,283 kg ha-1 at BUK; 4,715 kg ha-1 at Bunkure). These findings suggest that integrating effective weed management with high-yielding varieties like TGX 1951-3F offers a sustainable pathway to improve soybean productivity and food security in the Sudan Savannah.
INDIAN ALMOND (Terminalia catappa) LEAF EXTRACT AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT IN AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)
Aquaculture continues to expand globally as a major contributor to food security, yet disease outbreaks remain a critical challenge, particularly in intensive African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) systems. The excessive use of antibiotics in fish farms has raised concerns over antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and food safety, necessitating safer, plant-based health management alternatives. This study investigated the immunostimulatory potential of Terminalia catappa leaf extract applied as a water additive on the haematological response and survival rate of C. gariepinus fingerlings. A total of 250 fish were randomly distributed into four treatments (15, 22.5, and 30 ml of extract per 30 L of culture water and a control having 0ml of extract per 30L of culture water) in a completely randomized design, with extracts prepared from shade-dried powdered leaves. Water quality parameters were monitored daily, and haematological indices were assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Results showed stable temperature and pH across treatments indicating extract safety. Dissolved oxygen increased significantly at 15 ml/30 L, while higher concentrations slightly reduced DO due to increased organic loading. Total dissolved solids varied significantly among treatments but remained within acceptable limits. Haematological analysis revealed enhanced physiological and immune responses in treated groups, with 15 ml/30 L and 30 ml/30 L producing significant increases in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, and white blood cell count relative to the control. Differential leukocyte counts showed higher neutrophil proportions in treated fish, suggesting stimulated innate immunity. Mortality remained negligible across all treatments with a survival rate 96.66% at 22.5ml/30L and 0ml/30L, while a survival rate of 100% was recorded at 15ml/30L and 30ml/30L of culture water confirming that the extract was safe at tested concentrations. The study demonstrates that T. catappa leaf extract can safely improve haematological health and modulate immune function in African catfish, supporting its potential as an plant-based immunostimulant for sustainable aquaculture.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN UDA SHEEP FED ENSILED UREA-MOLASSES TREATED SOYBEAN HAULMS IN CONCENTRATE DIETS
The development of new feedstuffs for ruminant nutrition should consider feed resources that will not affect the physiology of the animals. This study was therefore designed to investigate the physiological changes in sheep that were fed varying levels of ensiled urea-molasses treated soybean haulms. The soybean haulms were treated with a solution of urea and molasses (4:1 v/v), ensiled at 70% moisture, thereafter dried and used as test ingredient to formulate experimental diets at 0, 30, 40 and 50% and designated as D1, D2, D3 and D4. A total of 20 rams weighing 12.60 ± 0.20 kg used in the experiment were divided into four groups of five animals each and assigned to one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). The feeding trial lasted for 84 days and data on blood parameters was subjected to one-way analysis of variance using SPSS (version 23). Result indicate that PCV, Hb, MCV and MCH increased significantly (p<0.05) in rams fed D2 and D3, while WBC reduced (p<0.05) progressively across D1 to D4. Feeding of D4 to sheep resulted in a reduction (p<0.05) in ALT and serum chloride while there were irregular difference (p<0.05) in triglyceride, iron and glutathione peroxidase with inclusion of processed soybean haulms. In conclusion, feeding D1 to D4 improved haematological parameters and did not adversely affect the physiology of the sheep. Therefore, soybean haulms treated with urea and molasses and ensiled can be included in the diet up to 50%.
CREDIT USE AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA 1
This study examines the relationship between credit use and household food security among farming households in Ogun State, Nigeria. Using primary data from 192 households selected through a multistage sampling technique, the study applies descriptive statistics, a food security index based on per capita food expenditure, and a logit regression model. Results indicate that 56.8% of households are food secure, with a higher incidence of food secure households among credit users (60.8%) than non-credit users (54.0%). Logit estimates show that farming experience, extension contact, and the amount of credit accessed significantly increase the likelihood of household food security, while household size and dependency ratio exert a negative effect. The findings underscore the importance of improved access to agricultural credit and extension services in enhancing household food security. Policy interventions aimed at strengthening inclusive rural financial systems are therefore critical for sustainable food security outcomes.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING DRIED ORANGE PULP FORTIFIED WITH AND WITHOUT PROBIOTIC (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LIPID METABOLISM, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS IN RED SOKOTO GOATS
This study examined the effects of feeding 30% dried orange pulp (DOP), both with and without the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress indicators of Red Sokoto goats. Four dietary treatments (T1: Control; T2: 0% DOP + 1% Probiotic; T3: 30% DOP without Probiotic; T4: 30% DOP + 1% probiotic) were randomly assigned to twelve goats, aged four to five months in a feeding experiment lasting 70 days. The result revealed that DOP successfully replaced traditional energy source maize offal. Although initial and end body weights varied greatly, there were no significant variations in overall weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio between treatments. Notably, showing the lowest levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, the combination of 30% DOP and probiotics (T4) greatly enhanced lipid regulation. DOP inclusion up to 30% did not compromise antioxidant defence mechanisms, as shown by the lack of significant changes in oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GPx, and CAT). According to the findings of this study, dried orange pulp is a sustainable and nutritious substitute feed source that can provide Red Sokoto goats with extra metabolic advantages when combined with probiotics in their feed rations.
STRAIN AND AGE EFFECTS ON GROWTH TRAITS IN BROILER CHICKENS
Growth trait are quantitative traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of strain and age on growth traits of four different strains of broiler chicken. Four hundred (400) day old broiler chicks comprising of one hundred Cobb, Ross, Arbor acre and Marshall strains each, were purchased from reputable hatcheries and raised under the same management for a period of 10 weeks. Data collected on the growth traits were subjected to analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. Effect of strain was significant (p<0.05) on body weight at weeks 2 and 8, with highest values in Arbor acre (313.20 g) and Cobb (2012.80 g), respectively. Significant effect of strain on wing length was observed at weeks 2, 4 and 8, highest values were observed in Aboraca (10.50 g), Ross (13.60 g) and cobb (22.40 g). Wing span was affected by strain in weeks 2, 8 and 10 while breast girth, neck length and body length were significantly affected at weeks 2 and 8. Shank length was significantly affected at weeks 2 and 10 while beak length was affected at week 2. Significant effect (p<0.05) of age was observed in all the strains. Growth traits significantly increased from week 2 to week 10. The phenotypic correlations among the traits were positive and very highly significant (p<0.00001). It ranged, 0.857 to 0.977 (Marshal); 0.854 to 0.959 (Ross); 0.851 to 0.977 (Aboraca); 0.903 to 0.986 (Cobb). Strain and age had significant effect on growth traits and the traits are positively highly correlated in all the strains.
SEX AND AGE EFFECTS ON HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM METABOLITES OF NOILER CHICKEN
Haematological investigation provides the opportunity to clinically study the presence of several metabolites and other constituents in the body of animals and it plays a vital role in the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of an organism. A total of one-hundred and fifty (150)- day old Noiler chicken (70 –males and 80 females) were used to study the impacts of sex and age on hematology and serum metabolites in Noiller chicken. Data collected at 6th, 8th, and 10th week on hematological parameters and serum biochemistry were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. At 6th week, sex had no significant effect (p>0.05) in both hematology parameters and serum metabolites. At 8th week, sex significantly (p<0.05) affected Mean corpuscular volume ( MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) and chloride, with higher values recorded in female except in chloride. Sex effect was observed in white blood cell (WBC), total protein (TP) and AST at 10th week. In female virtually all the parameters considered were significantly (p<0.05) affected by age, except red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) , glucose, chloride, urea and creatinine. While in male, age effect was only observed in urea, MCH, MCV, WBC and platelet. The correlations among the hematology parameters ranged between -0.678 and 0.999 while among the metabolites was -0.958 and 0.586 for both sexes. It could be concluded that hemato-biochemical parameters considered are age–dependent in female more than male while sex effects were limited.
CONSTRAINTS TO ADOPTION OF CLIMATE- SMART AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES BY YAM FARMERS IN EKITI STATE NIGERIA
The study examined the constraints to adoption of CSAPs by yam farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A multistage-sampling procedure was used in selecting 150 yam-farmers and data were collected with the aid of questionnaire and interview-schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used. The result shows that available used CSAPs are crop rotation (84.7%), mulching (73.3%), early harvesting of yam (70.0%), planting of improved yam set (65.3%), planting cover crops and shade trees (59.3%) and early staking of the yam (58.7%). The majority (86.0%) were aware of CSAPs. The main source of information on CSAPs is extension workers (30.0%), Social Media (22.0%) as well as family members and Radio program (17.0%) among others. The adopted CSAPs are cultivating short-duration yam varieties, mulching, cover cropping, and crop rotation with adaptation index value (KAI) more than the grand index value (0.66 to 0.95). the Chi-square analysis between constraints to adoption and awareness of CSAPs shows a negative relationship with insufficient contact with extension on smart practices (χ2=-123.701), high cost of implementation of climate smart practices on yam (χ2=-112.321), lack of clear understanding of the smart practices on yam production (χ2=-57.649) respectively among others at 1% significant level. Major constraints to adoption are inadequate extension services (0.34), inadequate training on CSAPs (0.29), Inadequate information on CSAPs or Inadequate credit and funding to adopt CSAPs (0.28) among others. It was recommended that all constraints to adoption of CSAPs be contained and mitigated while more awareness campaign on CSAPs be promoted to improved food security.
Climate-Smart, Agricultural-Practices, Constraints, Yam-farmers, Ekiti
ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS AMONG STAFF OF JOSEPH SARWUAN TARKA UNIVERSITY, MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed climate change awareness among staff at Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi (JOSTUM), Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique to collate responses from 104 staff across different university cores, Colleges, and Departments. Demographic results show that out of 104 respondents, 61.4% were male and 38.6% were female. The largest age group was 36 - 45 years (23.1%), followed by those aged 26 - 35 (19.2%), and 46 - 50 (21.2%). The majority were Christians (98.2%) and most were married (85.6%). Civil service was the predominant primary occupation (83.7%), while educational attainment was high, with 66.3% holding postgraduate degrees. Most respondents (80.8%) expressed awareness of climate change, though only a small fraction (9.6%) had received formal training on the subject. Awareness of climate change impacts varied, with 28.8% recognizing effects on health and 25.0% aware of broader environmental consequences, while many remained uncertain or unaware. Direct experiences with flood damage were reported by just 11.2% of staff. Multiple regression analysis showed that environmental and anthropogenic factors such as burning, deforestation, agricultural practices, and emissions from generators, industries, and vehicles significantly influenced climate change awareness among staff, explaining approximately 16% of the variance. Respondents perceived temperature changes (51.9%) and impacts on agriculture (33.7%) as the most significant local effects of climate change. While most staff viewed the university positively in promoting climate change awareness (96.7 % agreement), formal initiatives and personal mitigation actions varied; tree planting (41.3%) and reducing energy consumption (31.7%) were the most practiced activities. Suggestions to enhance awareness emphasized education, seminars, environmental campaigns, and sustainable campus policies. The findings highlight the importance of expanding climate education and institutional engagement to strengthen understanding and action on climate change within the university community.
Staff Perception, Environmental Impacts, Climate Change Mitigation Staff Perception, Environmental Impacts, Climate Change Mitigation
POTENTIALS OF EPIPHYTE-LICHENS AS A BIOINDICATOR OF ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY IN FALGORE GAME RESERVE, KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between tree species diversity and epiphyte-lichens density in Falgore Game Reserve, Kano State, Nigeria. Data were collected across selected forest sites with varying levels of rainfall and temperature. Epiphytes and lichens were identified, recorded on host trees within designated plots while tree species diversity and density were also measured using Shanon weiner index. Rainfall and temperature data were obtained from local meteorological stations. Correlation analysis was used to examine relationships between climatic condition and ecological indices. Purposive sampling design was applied for the study. The study revealed that plant species exhibit moderate diversity, with tree and epiphyte diversity indices recorded at 1.82 and 1.99 respectively. Epiphytes were more abundant in areas with higher tree diversity and stable microclimatic conditions. Several tree species with rough bark and broad canopies were identified as key hosts for epiphytes and lichens most especially Campylopus introflexus. Strong correlations were found between epiphyte diversity and density (r = 0.8), as well as with temperature (r = 0.5) and tree diversity (r = 0.4), highlighting the importance of environmental and biotic factors. Major threats identified include deforestation, bush burning, overgrazing, and climate change. The study concludes that epiphyte and lichen diversity in Falgore Game Reserve is strongly influenced by tree diversity and temperature. Conservation efforts must focus on protecting host trees and mitigating environmental threats to sustain these sensitive plant communities.