FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, NIGERIA
EVALUATION OF OESTRUS, PREGNANCY STATUS AND GROSS GENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF SMALL RUMINANTS PRESENTED FOR SLAUGHTER AT MAIDUGURI CENTRAL ABATTOIR BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
This study evaluated the oestrus status, pregnancy rate, and gross reproductive abnormalities in small ruminants (ewes and does) presented for slaughter at the Maiduguri Central Abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria, between June and August 2024. A total of 500 genital tracts were examined (191 ewes and 309 does). The proportions of grossly normal genitalia were 31.94% in ewes and 33.01% in does Common abnormalities included ovarian cysts, uterine torsion, pyometra, and metritis. Sahel and Red Sokoto goats were the most slaughtered breeds, followed by Yankasa and Uda ewes. The findings highlight the need for reproductive health evaluation and farmer sensitization on the importance of retaining cycling and pregnant females for herd sustainability.
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ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS FOR HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A REVIEW
Soil fertility remains one of the most pressing agricultural challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of the population relies on farming as a primary livelihood. Declining soil fertility caused by over-cultivation, land degradation, deforestation, and climate variability continues to undermine horticulture production, food security and rural development across the region. While governments, development partners, and non-governmental organizations have introduced several soil fertility restoration and improvement programs, their effectiveness has been severely constrained by administrative challenges. This paper explores the major obstacles hindering successful implementation of such programs, focusing on weak institutional capacity, poor policy coordination, corruption, inadequate funding, and limited farmer participation. It argues that these governance-related issues often overshadow the technical innovations and financial investments introduced to enhance soil fertility management practices and horticultural crop yields. Furthermore, the study highlights how inadequate extension services and lack of accountability mechanisms diminish the adoption of soil fertility improvements practices at the grassroots level. The paper draws from existing literature and policy reports to analyze the recurring administrative bottlenecks and their implications for sustainable horticultural development programs. Findings revealed that unless these administrative barriers are addressed, efforts to improve soil fertility status will remain fragmented and unsustainable. The paper concludes by recommending stronger institutional frameworks, increased funding, transparent governance, inclusive farmer engagement as critical pathways for enhancing the success of soil fertility restoration and improvement programs. Ultimately, addressing administrative challenges is essential for achieving long-term food security, promoting rural livelihoods, and advancing agricultural transformation and horticultural production levels in Sub-Saharan Africa.
EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON HATCHABILITY AND SURVIVAL RATE OF AFRICAN CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus)
This study evaluated the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on the hatchability and survival rate of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Broodstock were induced using pituitary gland extract, and the fertilized eggs were subjected to four experimental treatments: T1 (flow-through with aerator), T2 (flow-through only), T3 (aerator only), and T4 (control, no flow-through or aerator), each in replicate. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, and water quality parameters were monitored weekly. Results showed that hatchability was generally low across treatments, with percentage hatchability values of 14.55 ± 1.60% (T1), 18.29 ± 1.19% (T2), 15.15 ± 1.28% (T3), and 32.98 ± 3.21% (T4), with significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05). Fry survival followed the sequence T2 (60%) > T4 (50%) > T3 (40%) > T1 (30%). Water quality parameters remained within acceptable range for the culture of African catfish fry (temperature: 30.95–33.15°C, DO: 6.06–6.53 mg/L, pH: 6.41–6.58). The findings showed that flow-through systems enhance fry survival by maintaining adequate oxygen levels and reducing the accumulation of waste, whereas aeration treatments were less effective, due to unstable power supply. Overall, hatchability was below average across all systems; however, survival rates were higher in flow-through setups. Therefore, it is recommended that hatcheries adopt gravity-fed flow-through systems as a cost-effective strategy to improve fry survival.
FACTORS AFFECTING RICE FARMER’S PERCEPTION ON AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES DELIVERY IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA.
This study examined the factors affecting rice farmers’ perception of agricultural extension service delivery in Kano State, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the critical role that perception plays in determining farmers’ responsiveness to agricultural innovations disseminated through extension agents. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 279 rice farmers from a sampling frame of 925 across five major rice-producing Local Government Areas; Kura, Garun Mallam, Tudun Wada, Bunkure, and Bichi. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive statistics and inferential statistic (Tobit regression models). The findings revealed that education level, cooperative membership, household size, and access to agricultural credit significantly influenced farmers’ perception of extension service delivery at 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively. Other variables such as age, sex, farm size, land ownership, and farming experience had no significant influence. The study also established that married and full-time farmers were more likely to have favorable perceptions of extension agents, while farmers engaged primarily in non-agricultural occupations were less likely to do so. The model was statistically significant at the 1% level (LR χ² = 58.50; p < 0.01) with a pseudo R² of 0.210, indicating a good model fit. The study concludes that educational attainment, cooperative participation, and access to credit facilities play critical roles in shaping positive perceptions of extension service delivery. It recommends the strengthening of farmers’ capacity through education, financial support, and institutional linkages to improve the effectiveness of extension programs.
ASSESSMENT OF RURAL AGRIPRENUERSHIP IN SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA
The study assessed rural agriprenuership in southeast Nigeria using 360 respondents selected through multistage sampling procedure. Data for study were collected using structured questionnaire administered in the form of interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results indicated that the agriprenuers were mainly married males (72%) with average age of 41years and household size of 6 persons. Result further showed that agriprenuers were mainly in the five (5) agricultural sector such as livestock production, crop production, agricultural input supply, processing sector and marketing/distribution subsector. The result also showed that economic factors that influence agriprenuership were adequate access to credit and loan (0.952, adequate land tenure system (0.880), income level of agriprenurs (0.836), availability of tax holiday (0.683), and low risk and uncertainties in agriprenurship (0.648). Institutional factors were: financial independence (0.913), high unemployment rate (0.908) and level of profit (0.795) while social factor were level of profit (0.795) and favorable government policy (0.645). The factors that constrained rural agripreneurship activities were poor land tenure system, inadequate infrastructure, high interest rate, high competitive market, and inadequate market information. It was concluded that there are five major areas of rural agripreneurship in Southeast Nigeria which were influenced and hindered by three groups of factors (economic, institutional and social). The study recommended that agripreneurs should be given easier access to bank loans and other forms of financing to enhance agriprenuerial activities.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN RINGIM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
The study analyzed economics of wheat production in Ringim Local Government of Jigawa State. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires from a randomly sampled 137 wheat farmers. The data for the study was analyzed using descriptive statistics, resource use efficiency ratio and gross margin techniques. The result showed that the farmers had an average age of 32 years, 50% of them have a household member ranging between 1 and 7 persons and about 50% of them were not formally educated. The result further revealed that majority of them (96%) had no access to credit. The gross margin analysis result revealed an average cost of ₦142844.70; A revenue and profit of ₦391, 017 and ₦248, 172.30 was generated per hectare of wheat production respectively. The study further showed that labour and agrochemicals were over-utilized in the production of wheat, while farm size, seeds and fertilizer were under-utilized. The wheat farmers were also found to be majorly constraint by high cost of inputs (100%), inadequate capital (92.7%), and poor extension contact (72.9%). The study concludes wheat production in the study area is profitable, however the farmers are not efficiently utilizing the wheat production inputs resources. It can therefore be recommended that innovative wheat production method that will increase farmer’s efficiency shall be disseminated. In addition government shall provide inputs subsidy and improve farmer’s access to extension service.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
The study investigates livelihood diversification among flood prone smallholder rice farmers in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using questionnaire administered to the rice farmers. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 293 respondents for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Beta regression model. The livelihood diversification activities mostly engaged by the farmers were arable farming (92.3%), livestock production (35.4%), and fish farming (20%), (30.8%) engaged in off-farm processing while about (50.6%) engaged in non-farm local services combined, the outcome further reveals that formal work and migrant wage services are the least preferred activities among the categories, with (16.8%) and (8.1%) respectively. The result of the beta regression analysis on factors influencing smallholder farmer’s vulnerability to flooding in the study area shows that age (P<0.01), livelihood economic activity (p<0.005) and access to transport were negatively significant p< 0.005) while extension contact services (p<0.001) and weather information was positive and significant (p<0.005). The study concludes that livelihood diversification activities engaged mostly by the respondents in the study areas is low, therefore it is recommended that Farmers should be encouraged to diversify more into other income generating activities to reduce the adverse effect of the flooding event.
AN INVENTORY OF SOME WILD EDIBLE PLANTS (WEPs) IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA.
An ethnobotanical Survey of wild edible plants in some selected Local Governments Area of katsina State namely: Katsina, Funtua and Kusadawas conducted. The objective was to identify and document wild edible plants and the knowledge associated with these plants in the study area. Ethnobotanical informations on wild edible plants were collected .Guided semi-strucruwred questionnaire was used. Consensus method and group discussion was used to verify informations obtained from the respondesnts. Descriptive statistics was used to analyzed the data. In the present. In the present study, 44 wild edible plants species spread across 26 families 35 genera based in local claims as food were documented. The family Fabaceae is the most cited family represented by 6 species (13.33%), followed by Moraceae represented by 5 species (11.11%), and then Malvaceae and Arecaceae represented by 3 species each (6.66%), Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Capparaceae, and Euphorbia each represented by two species (2.22%) and then Asteraceae, Araceae, Annonaceae, Buseraceae, Cleomaceae, Chrysobanaceae, Capparaceae, Discreaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Myrrtaceae, Nymphae eae, Olaceae, Poaceae, portulacaceae, Sapotaceae Vitaceae and Zygophyllaceae are each represented by 1 species (2.22%). The study showed the existence of wild edible plants in the study area which alleviate food security during famine time occasionally faced in the study area. The respondesnts stated that wild edible plants are under threat due to altered climate and greater human pressure. This necessitates quick and collaborative measures to maintain the equilibrium between the natural abundance of edible plants in the wild and their by the local community. It was concluded that the study highlights the importance of these plants in ensuring food security, nutrition, and livelihoods for the people of Katsina. The documentation of traditional knowledge and uses of these plants can contribute to their conservation and sustainable utilization. It was also recommended that Conservation measures should be implemented to protect and sustainably manage wild edible plant populations, Local communities should be encouraged to adopt sustainable harvesting practices to ensure the long-term availability of these plant resources, Further research should be conducted to analyze the nutritional value of these wild edible plants.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF RICE FARMING ON SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS AROUND ZOBE DAM, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA.
This study investigates the socioeconomic effects of rice farming on rural communities in the Zobe Dam area. The study used a multi-stage sampling technique to select four Local government areas that share a boundary with Zobe Dam, where rice cultivation is taking place. A total of 325 questionnaires were administered, and a key informant interview was conducted. Systematic sampling was used to select the respondents. Methods of data analysis include the use of tables, frequency counts, pie charts, bar charts, and horizontal bar charts. The finding reveals an overwhelming presence of male farmers (93.2%), indicating that rice farming in the Zobe Dam area is heavily male-dominated, with the majority of farmers falling within the middle-aged group (40–49 years), comprising 45.5% of the total. The results further show that rice farming is predominantly practised by family-oriented individuals, likely household heads who depend on farming for income, food, and family sustenance. Most (59.6%) of the rice farmers have no formal education, indicating a high illiteracy level among the farming population. The socioeconomic benefits were housing improvements such as roofing sheets (86%), cement plastering (77%), tiled floors (66%), which were upgrades from mud houses, and graded roads (88%). There is high ownership of personal/household appliances, such as mobile phones (92%), radios (83%), and fans (18%), indicating basic connectivity and comfort. Farm equipment, such as pumping machines (76%), was widely used, likely for irrigation, while tractors, planters, and dryers (0%) were not. Therefore, youth-focused interventions that offer youth-friendly training, mechanized tools, credit access, and agribusiness models should be developed to encourage younger people to embrace farming as a viable career.
DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIAL WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) PRODUCTION IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The study was aimed at determining factors influencing level of commercialization of wheat production in Kano State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for the study to select 274 wheat farmers which were interviewed using structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Household commercialization index (HCI) and ordinal logistic regression model. The result shows that the model group were those who’s HCI were above 75% with 62.41% and the average household commercialization index was (56.38%) the, this implies that wheat farmers have a gap of (43.62%) to achieve full commercialization on wheat in the study area. The ordered logit result indicate that age, dependency ratio, farming experience, amount of credit, frequency of extension contact, distance to market and quantity of output produced were found to be significantly influencing level of wheat commercialization out of eleven explanatory variables. Inadequate credit facilities and Price fluctuation were the major constraints wheat commercialization. It was concluded that wheat production were financially profitable in the area at private prices given current technology, inputs, output price and policy transfers. It is recommended that current agricultural policies on wheat production have affected wheat farmers positively, the policies therefore needs to be sustained, and this would strengthen the competitiveness of the domestic wheat production.
INFLUENCE OF RUMEN DIGESTA SUPPLEMENTED WITH ENZYMES ON THE CARCASS COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PROFILE OF BROILER CHICKENS
This study investigated the effects of varying levels of cattle rumen digesta supplemented with 0.025% Fullzymes on carcass characteristics and blood profile of broiler chickens. A total of 180 unsexed day-old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups, each comprising 36 birds with four replicates of nine birds per replicate, in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experimental diets included 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3), 15% (T4), and 20% (T5) inclusion levels of rumen digesta. Data were collected on carcass yield, internal organ characteristics, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical indices. Results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in overall carcass traits and most internal organ weights across treatment groups, except for the heart and gizzard, which exhibited significant variation (p < 0.05). Hematological indices, including packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), were not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatments. Similarly, biochemical parameters such as glucose, albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea remained statistically unchanged (p > 0.05), while total protein levels showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among treatment groups. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 20% cattle rumen digesta supplemented with 0.025% Fullzymes in broiler diets had no adverse effects on carcass quality or blood parameters. Therefore, it is recommended as a viable alternative feed ingredient in broiler production.
FLUCTUATIONS IN MARKET PRICES OF FOOD PRODUCTS PROMPTED BY THE ACTIVITIES OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENTS IN MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
In the North-eastern part of the Nigeria, the Boko Haram insurgency has not only consumed an estimated 32 thousand people, mostly from the agrarian communities in Borno State but has also neutralized the 420,000 tons wheat production capacity of the state which is 30% of annual national consumption. In Borno, food crops are majorly produced by smallholder rural farmers, who faces challenges of capital, adequate knowledge and skills, security and infrastructure to sustained production of basic food crops. These challenges were compounded in Maiduguri by the emergence of Boko Haram insurgents that started since 2009. This has led to the increase of some market prices of food products and poor nutritional status of the residents of Maiduguri and its environs. The insurgents after sent out of Maiduguri in 2009, dwelled in neighbouring rural areas and displaced the rural settlements whose major occupation was farming. This study explored the impact of insurgency on market prices of food products in Maiduguri metropolis. Multistage and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents for the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using questionnaire and FGD. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentage. Whereas, the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The study reveals a fold increase in some market prices of food products like maize, rice, millets among other and a decrease in prices in crops like wheat, cowpea among others. However, these fluctuations are attributed to only insurgency but other intervening variables like availability and consumption preferences of consumers, transportation cost, road infrastructure and proximity to the markets. The study recommends support and improved security for rural farming populace, subsidy by the government on some basic food crops like maize, rice, millets among others
EVALUATION OF FARM PLAN AMONG IRRIGATED MAIZE FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN LERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study evaluated optimal farm plan of irrigated maize production among farmers in Lere, Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select 180 maize farmers in the study area. Primary data were collected through the use of questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, net-farm income model, linear programming model and principal component analysis. The result showed that majority of the maize farmers in the study area were male, their mean age was 36 years. All of the farmers had one form of education or the other. The mean household size of the respondents was 8 persons. The mean years of farming experience was 14 years. Majority (83%) of the respondents considered maize farming as their primary occupation. About 72% of the respondents had a farm size that ranges between 1-3 hectares, with a mean non-farm income of N116,388 per month. About 67% were members of cooperative society. Majority of the respondents had access to credit. Irrigated maize production was profitable, with total revenue, total cost and net-farm income of N1,952,335.0, N493,193.2 and N1,459,141.8 respectively, and Return On Investment of 2.96. The result of the Linear Programming analysis showed that labour used (h/ha) was binding, while yield (kg/ha), farm size used (ha), seed used (kg/ha) and fertilizer used (kg/ha) were not binding. The major constraints identified in maize production in the study area were classified under four major components: economic factors (24.64%), institutional factors (25.26%), environmental factors (36.78%) and infrastructural factors (13.37%). The study recommended that in order to ensure efficient utilization of resources in the study area: government should initiate adult education programmes for farmers; policy makers should consider the land consolidation; and farmers should invest in labour saving agricultural machinery.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND ALLEVIATING POVERTY IN THE POST-FUEL SUBSIDY ERA AMONG SMALL HOLDER MAIZE FARMERS IN PLATEAU STATE.
Sustainable agriculture, in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, contributes to broader development of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study focused on Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Poverty Alleviation among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Plateau state, Nigeria. This study adopted Multistage sampling technique to randomly select 210 farmers. Primary data was obtained through structured questionnaire administration. Descriptive statistics, 5-point likert scale Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and logit regression model. The result revealed that the average age of farmers was 52 years,85% of farmers were married, with an average household size of 5, 92% of farmers had education, with farming experience of 27 years and farm size was 3 hectares. The farm income was N603,742.86, and 58% of farmers were members of cooperative societies. The result further indicates that maize farmers exhibited a low frequency of adopting sustainable agricultural practices, with a grand mean value of 1.73. The result of Multidimensional Poverty Index indicate that male-headed households (HHs) had a Headcount Ratio (H) of 60.0% and an Intensity (A) of 38.2%, resulting in a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of 0.229, while female-headed HHs had a Headcount Ratio of 58.0% and a higher Intensity of 57.0%, leading to an MPI of 0.331. The results from the Logit regression model indicate adopting sustainable agricultural practices significantly reduces poverty. Challenges faced by the farmers in adopting SAPs were lack of awareness and technical knowledge, limited access to credit, poor infrastructure, lack of government support, and unpredictable weather patterns. The removal of fuel subsidies significantly increased input costs, leading to higher production expenses and reduced return on investment while sustainable agricultural practices have the potential to alleviate multidimensional poverty, their adoption remains low due to financial barriers, poor infrastructure, and inadequate technical support. Therefore, the study recommends: Farmers should diversify income sources through non-farm activities; Promoting farmer education, and encouraging knowledge-sharing on sustainable practices; and Government policies should focus on expanding access to credit and providing targeted subsidies for sustainable farming.
POPULATION DENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE RED-EARED GUENON (CERCOPITHECUS ERYTHROTIS CAMERUNENSIS) IN AFI MOUNTAIN WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (AMWS), NIGERIA
An estimate of Red-eared guenon’s population density and structure was carried out in Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS), Cross River State, Nigeria. Line transect method of data collection was used to conduct census. The study was conducted to determine the population density and structure of Red-eared monkeys. Census was conducted in the two sectors of the sanctuary using Ten transects (1.0km length, 0.02km width) and spaced at an interval of 0.5km. Direct method of animal sighting was used. Population density of Red-eared monkeys in the two sectors of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary was 5/km2 and 2/km2 respectively. However, the mean population density of red-eared monkeys in AMWS was ~ 4/km2. This shows that the population density is similar to previously reported for the monkey species in the study area implying that the population has not increased significantly over time. The variation of Red-eared monkeys in the study area showed that the population structure is composed more of Juveniles than adult (3:1 and 6:1 respectively) implying that there is potential for the population to increase with adequate conservation efforts. The statistical test of significance between the Northern and Southern populations showed no significant difference. (T-tab = 0.482 < t-cal = 0.840 @ p = 0.05). It was therefore recommended that efforts through regular patrols by the rangers should be encouraged to protect the increasing population of guenons in the study area.
A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF COVER CROPS IN MITIGATING SOIL HEALTH DEGRADATION AND OTHER CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH MAIZE MONOCULTURE
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria. However, its predominant cultivation through monoculture systems has contributed significantly to soil health degradation, reduced biodiversity, increased erosion, and heightened pest and disease pressures. These challenges threaten long-term agricultural sustainability and food security. As a response, the integration of cover crops into maize cropping systems has emerged as a promising sustainable agricultural practice. This review examines the role of cover crops in mitigating the negative impacts of maize monoculture, with a focus on improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. The paper discusses how different cover crop types—leguminous, non-leguminous, grasses, and brassicas contribute to improved soil structure, enhanced nutrient cycling, increased microbial diversity, and better water retention. The interaction between cover crops and maize is explored, highlighting benefits such as nitrogen fixation and organic matter enrichment, alongside potential challenges like resource competition if not properly managed. Historical and regional perspectives on the use of cover crops in Nigeria and globally are provided, emphasizing traditional practices and modern innovations. The review also identifies research gaps, including the need for long-term studies and better understanding of context-specific responses of cover crops across varying agro-ecological zones. Ultimately, the paper highlights that integrating cover crops into maize production systems can enhance soil health, reduce dependency on chemical inputs, and build resilience against climate variability. The insights provided serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and farmers aiming to adopt sustainable and ecologically sound farming practices.
ARABLE CROP FARMERS’ CLIMATE MITIGATION STRATEGIES THROUGH ORGANIC FARMING IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
The study assessed arable crop farmers’ climate mitigation strategies through organic farming in South West, Nigeria. It evaluated arable crop farmers’ perception, examined the benefits, and described the constraints. A multi stage sampling procedure was used in selecting 381 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaire, structured interview schedule, FGD and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Regression Analysis. The study revealed that farmers’ had positive perception, “cover crops reduces evaporation” as the highest (W̄ 4.81). It was observed that arable crop farmers’ most practiced climate mitigation strategy was especially soil water conservation techniques (W̄ 2.83), followed closely by changing planting dates and periods (W̄ 2.82), planting of improved crop varieties (W̄ 2.81) diversification of farming activities (W̄ 2.80). The most constraint was lack of financial support with (W̄ 3.74). Regression test showed there was a moderate positive relationship between perception of organic farming practices and climate mitigation strategies of farmers, the result also revealed a weak negative relationship between constraints and climate mitigation strategies. Despite the financial constraints, farmers in Southwest Nigeria still had positive perception of organic farming practices which enabled them to adopt climate mitigation strategies, resulting in farmers benefiting from improved livelihoods, increased crop resilience, and reduced environmental degradation. The study recommends that there should be collaboration with local government agencies, NGOs and private sector organizations to support organic farming and to overcome financial constraints. Benefits of organic farming should be show cased and farmers should be given timely information on best organic practices, to make informed decisions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPROVED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG SHEEP AND GOAT FARMERS IN SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
The study assessed the effectiveness of improved sheep and goats’ management practices in Southwest, Nigeria using structured interview schedule of 360 sheep and goats farmers selected through multi-stage sampling. The objectives were to assess socio-economic characteristics, identified improved management practices, describe the perception of farmers and assess the effectiveness of improved management practices. Percentages, means, standard deviation, Chi-square and correlation were used to draw inferences. Results revealed that the mean age of sheep and goats’ farmers was 53 years. 50.36 percent were male and 46.94 were female. Majority (86.11%) of the respondents were married with mean income of N631,459.6 and flock size of 14 hectares. 46.39 percent belong to cooperative society while majority (92.78%) expended N500, 000.00 or less than on adopted improved technology. The mean awareness of the management practices was 3.73 while the perception of the improved management practices was high (96.94%). 40.3% of the farmers had moderate adoption levels while the level of effectiveness of improved sheep and goats’ management practices was moderately high (68.3%). The mean years of experience and schooling of the respondents were 14.42 years and 10 years respectively. There was positive and significant relationship between effectiveness of improved management practices and farmer’s perception (0.356; p < 0.01). The study concluded that improved sheep and goats’ management practices disseminated to farmers were perceived to improved their production and standard of living. The study recommends that Governments agencies should provide affordable vaccines and medications to reduce the financial burden on farmers.
SOIL DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED LAND-USE TYPES OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the status of soil degradation across three prevalent land uses: farmland, grazing land, and tree plantations in Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State, where a total of eighteen (18) samples (six per land use) using simple random soil sampling methods were collected within the depths of 0-20 cm and composites of two samples for each land use were made and tested for physical (bulk density, texture) and chemical (N, P, K, ESP, BSP, EC, OM) properties. The laboratory results obtained were compared with the standard indicators and criteria for land degradation assessment according to FAO, 1979. The results revealed varying degrees of degradation; physical degradation was evident with tree plantations and grazing lands exhibiting higher bulk density (1.4–1.7 g cm⁻³). Most soils textureof the area were sandy (>85% sand), though some farmlands showed improved silt content (120–130 g kg⁻¹). Chemical degradation was discerned with low P (6.16–51.9 mg kg⁻¹), N (0.1–0.19%), and K (0.33–0.43 cmol/kg) respectively, organic matter depletion (0.58–1.91%) and BS below (1%) signifying very high degradation were observed, while some sites have shown high ESP (up to 31%). EC values in all the sites are within the standard (< 2 dS/m). From the findings, the comparison of the status of the soil's physical and chemical properties with the FAO standard shows that the area is undergoing degradation. Therefore, sustainable land management strategies, including rotational grazing, organic amendments, gypsum application, and agroforestry, were recommended to enhance the soil structure and fertility of the study area. Additionally, policy interventions for promoting soil conservation and farmer education are also needed to combat ongoing degradation and ensure long-term agricultural productivity.
ADOPTION OF ORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES AMONG MAIZE FARMERS IN BATAGARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the adoption of organic farming practices (OFPs) among maize farmers in Batagarawa Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria. Using a two-stage sampling technique, data were collected from 110 respondents through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including probit regression analysis, were employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that the majority of the farmers were male (83.6%) with a mean age of 45 years. Most were married (76.4%), had household sizes between 6–10 persons, and were mainly smallholders cultivating 1–5 hectares. The most adopted organic practices included crop rotation (87.3%), use of organic fertilizer (86.4%), and mixed cropping (78.2%). Probit analysis indicated that age, marital status, and farm size significantly influenced the likelihood of adopting OFPs, implying that older, married, and large-scale farmers were more inclined towards organic methods. Major constraints identified were weed pressure, high cost of organic inputs, limited access to credit, inadequate information, and poor extension services. Radio, television, and farmer associations were the main information sources on organic practices. The findings highlight the growing interest in sustainable farming but highlight persistent challenges that hinder widespread adoption. It is recommended that government and agricultural agencies enhance access to credit, strengthen cooperative societies, and expand extension training programs to promote awareness and ease adoption. Promoting OFPs among maize farmers can enhance soil fertility, reduce input costs, and contribute to environmentally sustainable agricultural production in northern Nigeria.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND POLICY DISTORTIONS IN WHEAT PRODUCTION IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA: A POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX (PAM) APPROACH.
Several policies were designed to create a protected market environment that incentivizes wheat farmers to engage in and expand wheat cultivation. However, a critical concern is whether the observed growth in wheat production in Jigawa State is driven by genuine economic efficiency and a comparative advantage or it is primarily a creation of substantial government policy support. The current study assessed the competitiveness and comparative advantage of wheat production in the state. A multi-stage random sampling procedure was employed to select 312 farmers. The study employed the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) framework was the analytical tool to assess the economic efficiency and policy distortions in wheat production. Results revealed that wheat production is financially profitable at Private Profit of ₦619,390/ha and exhibits a strong comparative advantage with a Domestic Resource Cost of 0.52, indicating efficient use of domestic resources. However, high policy transfers significantly inflate profitability, as evidenced by substantial output protection Nominal Protection Coefficient on output of 1.56 and a net positive incentive Effective Protection Coefficient of 1.59. The study concludes that while Jigawa State possesses an inherent comparative advantage for wheat production, its current profitability is heavily sustained by policy support. The study recommends facilitating a shift from import bans to tariffs, reforming input subsidies towards productivity enhancing investments, implementing farmer capacity building programs, and strengthening local input supply chains to ensure long term sector sustainability.
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN A 30-WEEK-OLD BROILER BREEDER FLOCK (ARBOR ACRE PARENT STOCK): A CASE REPORT
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the avian gammacoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), is a highly contagious poultry disease that causes significant economic losses globally. This report describes an outbreak in a 30-week-old Arbor Acre parent stock breeder flock of 1,250 birds in Oyo State, Nigeria. Clinical signs included a sharp decline in egg production, misshapen and rough-shelled eggs, reduced feed intake, diarrhea, and increased mortality, mainly in females. Post-mortem findings were tracheal catarrh, ovarian follicle degeneration, bluish combs and wattles, and watery albumen. Bacterial culture confirmed Escherichia coli as a complicating infection, showing multidrug resistance but susceptibility to gentamicin. Serological testing demonstrated high IBV titres above the protective range with a narrow coefficient of variation, indicating uniform exposure to a circulating field strain despite prior vaccination with the H120 strain. Supportive management, nutritional supplementation, and gentamicin therapy improved flock performance, with egg production rising from 64% to between 74% and 88%. This case illustrates the persistence of IBV in breeder flocks despite vaccination and the potential role of colibacillosis in worsening outcomes. It further underscores the importance of strict biosecurity, adoption of strain-specific or updated vaccination strategies, and supportive care in reducing losses linked to IB outbreaks in Nigeria and similar production settings.
MANAGEMENT OF A CONCURRENT OUTBREAK OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND KLEBSIELLA INFECTION IN 70-WEEK-OLD BROWN LAYERS: A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
A concurrent outbreak of Newcastle Disease (ND) and Klebsiella planticola infection was investigated in a flock of 70-week-old brown layers (n=6,000) raised on deep litter. The farm reported reduced egg production, anorexia, and increased mortality rate, peaking at approximately 0.67% per day (40/6,000). Post-mortem findings included necrosis of caecal tonsils, petechial hemorrhages at the proventricular -gizzard junction, lineal hemorrhages at the colorectal mucosa, and marked hemorrhages on the duodenal mucosa. Other lesions included soft-shelled eggs in the oviduct, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Histopathology revealed severe pulmonary edema, renal hemorrhages, and lymphoid depletion in the spleen. Klebsiella planticola was isolated and identified through biochemical tests. It also showed susceptibility to enrofloxacin, which was administered. Mortality dropped significantly, with zero deaths by the fourth day of treatment. A booster dose of ND live Lasota vaccine raised protective ND antibody titers from 43.8% to 100% post-vaccination. Recommendations included strict biosecurity, routine water sanitation, and proper vaccination protocols to prevent future outbreaks.
INTESTINAL COCCIDIOSIS IN 32-WEEK-OLD ISA BROWN LAYERS – A CASE REPORT
A clinical outbreak of coccidiosis was investigated in a flock of 32-week-old Isa Brown layers on a commercial poultry farm in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The birds exhibited a sudden increase in mortality, bloody droppings, lethargy, ruffled feathers, reduced feed consumption, and a significant decline in egg production, falling from an average of 12–13 crates per day to as low as three crates. Five carcasses were submitted for post-mortem examination. Gross pathological findings included pallor of the combs, wattles, shanks, and musculature; ballooning of the intestines with haemorrhagic and necrotic mucosa; and severe haemorrhages in the caecal tonsils. Differential diagnoses considered were coccidiosis, mycoplasmosis, and aflatoxicosis. Based on the clinical history, gross lesions, and therapeutic response, a presumptive diagnosis of clinical coccidiosis was made. A sulphonamide-based anticoccidial agent was administered orally for five days, followed by supportive therapy containing vitamins and electrolytes. Following initiation of treatment, mortality declined sharply from over 80 deaths on day 0 to none by day 4. Egg production also improved progressively, with partial recovery observed by day 7. Histopathological evaluation of intestinal tissues confirmed the presence of schizonts, degenerated crypts, and mucosal destruction which are characteristic of Eimeria spp. infection. This case highlights the critical importance of timely diagnosis, targeted chemotherapeutic intervention, and appropriate supportive care in mitigating production losses during severe coccidiosis outbreaks in layer flocks. It also reinforces the need for improved farm-level biosecurity, routine monitoring, and strategic anticoccidial use as part of sustainable poultry health management
THE EFFECT OF LAND USAGE AND DEPTH ON SOIL QUALITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA'S SEMI-ARID REGION
Soil quality is a critical factor in determining agricultural productivity, ecosystem sustainability, and land management efficiency. Soil quality indices evaluation was based on the soil management assessment framework (SMAF) a minimum set of data, which is the smallest set of soil properties or indicators needed to measure soil quality, identifying key soil properties or attribute that are sensitive to change in soil functions established a minimum data set More is better, less is better, Optimum is better When cumulatively put together however, acacia vegetation soil had the highest score index followed by native vegetation soil, then arable land with least in bare land, for the depth, 40-60cm is higher than 0-20cm with least been 20-40cm.when cumulatively put together, the variation order of soil is (acacia > native > 40-60cm depth>0-20cm>20-40cm>arable >bare land) indicate the direction of good quality of soil. Soil quality was assessed using a score scale of 1 to 6; where 1 is rated best and 6 rated worst. Thus; acacia with highest total score was rated best, while bare land with lowest total score rated worst. Acacia scored best and enhance soil quality conditions (optimum soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, EC, and bulk density), while bare land was rated worst (low organic carbon, low k, moderate phosphorus, moderate nitrogen, low bulk density and electrical conductivity
DETERMINANT OF E-RESOURCES LITERACY SKILLS AMONG AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHERS AND EXTENSION PERSONNEL IN NORTH-WESTERN, NIGERIA
This study examined the literacy skills of electronic resources among agricultural researchers and extension personnel in North West, Nigeria. Specifically, the findings show their socio-economic characteristics and types of e-resources accessibility. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted. In the first stage, three of the States’ ADPs out of seven (Katsina, Kano, and Kebbi States) were purposively selected, with reference to geographical representation, security situation, and coverage of the Zone. In the second stage, based on the lists of 715 NAERLS researchers (Frame) from various agricultural disciplines obtained from the Institute, 251 staff members were randomly and proportionately selected, as recommended by Raosoft's sample size calculator. In the third stage, according to the list of 1431 (Frame) extension personnel obtained from the three states' ADPs, 443 extension personnel were sampled randomly (balloting) and proportionately. This number was based on the recommendation of Raosoft sample size calculator as the sample size. Thus, making the total sample size 694, selected proportionately for the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Analytical tools included Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and descriptive statistics. Researchers displayed higher competence in computer operations (93.3%) compared to extension personnel (28.6%). The findings of the study on the determinants of factors influencing the usage of e-resources among the Researchers and the Extension personnel show that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy yielded a value of 0.941, which is above the minimum threshold of 0.60 suggested by Kaiser (1974), indicating a high degree of common variance among variables. Also, Factor analysis identified infrastructure, digital literacy, and institutional support as significant predictors of utilization. The study further recommended targeted training, improved ICT infrastructure, and supportive institutional policies to enhance e-resource adoption for agricultural research and extension.
ASSESSING CLIMATIC IMPACT DRIVERS AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON RIPARIAN AGROFORESTRY: EVIDENCES FROM KOMADUGU-YOBE RIVER BASIN, NIGERIA.
Riparian agroforestry systems in the Komadugu-Yobe River Basin face increasing threats from climatic variability, land degradation, and human activities. Changing in climatic pattern and increased frequency of extreme events compromise ecosystem services, agricultural productivity, and livelihoods of local communities. This study investigates climatic impact drivers on riparian agroforestry, exploring evidence from the Komadugu-Yobe River Basin to inform sustainable management and adaptation strategies. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to investigate climatic impact drivers on riparian agroforestry in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetland (HNW). Primary data were collected through oral interviews, focus group discussions, and structured questionnaires administered to 120 respondents in two fishing communities. Secondary meteorological data (temperature, rainfall, and wind speed) spanning 10 years were obtained from NiMet. Purposive sampling design was used, with observations taken at landing sites and agroforestry areas. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Correlation analysis) were used to analyze human influence on agroforestry resources and the impact of climatic drivers using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 26 x 86V. The study reveals significant environmental pressures in the Komadugu-Yobe River Basin. Key findings include: overuse of surface water (35%), fuelwood harvesting (37.5%), grazing (43%), and hunting/wildlife use (45%); moderate decline in farming (57%), Doum Palm (50%), and fishing (50%); and widespread Typha grass invasion (38%). Human exploitative practices, such as illegal logging (26.67%), overgrazing (22.50%), and uncontrolled bush burning (16.67%), threaten agroforestry resources. Climatic drivers, including drought (28.33%), irregular rainfall patterns (24.17%), and increased temperature (18.33%), exacerbate these impacts. Correlation analysis shows that increased wind speed negatively impacts most resources, while temperature and rainfall have varying effects. These findings highlight the need for sustainable management practices to mitigate environmental degradation and promote ecosystem resilience. Policies and programs that discourage exploitative practices should be developed and implemented.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TERMITE MOUNDS AND THE SURROUNDING SOILS IN MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY, YOLA ADAMAWA STATE NIGERIA
A study was conducted to investigate if termite mound soils were different from surrounding soils in terms of soil physical and chemical properties in Modibbo Adama University Yola. The dearth of information limits ecological, agricultural, and environmental roles termites play. Soil samples were collected from two sites at two depths in ten different termite mounds. Physical and chemical properties analysis were carried out upon the composite samples. Results were subjected to a t-test and the results revealed that in comparison to the adjacent soil, the termite mound soils at the surface layer (0–20 cm) significantly (p<0.05) altered soil texture by increasing clay and silt content from 4.18 and 2.32% to 11.35 and 8.05% while reducing sand content from 93.50 to 80.60%. Mound soils were less acidic (5.97) and richer in organic matter (2.49%), Total nitrogen (TN=0.13%), phosphorus (AvP=24.96 mg/kg), and base cations (TEB=5.19 cmol/kg), with significantly improved base saturation. In the subsurface layer (20–50 cm), similar trends in texture were observed, with higher clay (10.44%) and lower sand (82.15%) content. While bulk density and porosity showed no significant variation, termite mounds had a higher pH (6.14) and significantly greater concentrations of TN (0.09%), AvP (21.21 mg/kg), and exchangeable bases. These enhancements, driven by termites confirm their role in improving soil fertility, structure and contribution to resilient ecosystems. Hence, termite activity significantly enhances physical and chemical properties of soil through the enrichment of fine particles and essential nutrients. Preserving termite mounds is thus crucial for land management.
SPECIATION OF IRON AND ALUMINIUM IN DUMPSITE SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES IN YOLA, NIGERIA
The increasing amounts of solid waste, particularly from fruits and vegetables, present major environmental challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas. This study was carried out to determine the different forms of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) in fruit and vegetable dumpsite soils in Yola, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from three depths and analyzed for sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate, and citrate dithionite bicarbonate (CDB) extractable iron and aluminium. Results obtained revealed that there were highly significant (P < 0.01) differences between the interaction of dumpsite soils and sampling depths. The highest sodium pyrophosphate (pyro), ammonium oxalate (oxa) and citrate bicarbonate dithionite (CBD) extractable Fe of 32.58, 24.40, and 29.02 mg kg-1 were recorded by fruit dumpsite soil at 0-15 cm, vegetable dumpsite soil at 0-15 cm, and vegetable dumpsite soil at 30-60 cm depth, respectively. Also, highest pyro, oxa and CBD Al of 261.60, 198.18, and 185.40 mg kg-1 were recorded by fruit dumpsite soil at 0-15 cm, vegetable dumpsite soil at 30-60 cm, and vegetable dumpsite soil at 0-15 cm depth. A highly significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (R = 0.83) was observed between pyro Fe and Al. Significant negative correlation (R = -0.90) was obtained between oxa-Fe and CBD-Fe. The higher levels of sodium pyrophosphate-extractable Al and Fe in fruit dumpsites suggest increased bioavailability and mobility constituting a potential for leaching into groundwater. This study provides baseline data on dumpsite soils in Yola but does not account for temporal dynamics or variations in other regions.
PERFORMANCE OF SESAME VARIETIES (Sesamum indicum L.) TO SOWING DATES ON GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea) BASED INTERCROPPING IN MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
A field study conducted during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at the Lake Chad Research Institute, Maiduguri, Nigeria, evaluated the performance of sesame varieties under varying sowing dates in a groundnut-based intercropping system. The objective was to determine the optimal sowing date for sesame and varietal suitability using yield parameters and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The experiment adopted a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and nine treatment combinations, involving two sesame varieties (Ex Sudan and Kenana) and two sowing dates on groundnut based intercrop. Results revealed significant varietal and temporal differences. Ex Sudan outperformed Kenana, recording higher mean yields of 1551.9 kg (2017) and 2840.7 kg (2018), compared to Kenana with 1335.2 kg and 2320.4 kg, respectively. Early sowing (first date) produced higher yields in 2017 (1585.2 kg), while late sowing exhibited competitive yields in 2018 (2535.2 kg), suggesting seasonal variability in sowing date efficacy. Sole groundnut plots consistently yielded higher than intercropped systems. However, intercropping enhanced land productivity, with LER values exceeding 1.0 in both seasons. Kenana sown late in the intercropping system demonstrated the highest land-use efficiency, achieving LERs of 1.24 (2017) and 1.17 (2018), indicating a 24% and 17% land advantage, respectively. The study concludes that while sole groundnut maximizes individual crop yield, intercropping with Kenana under delayed sowing optimizes land productivity in semi-arid environments. These findings is signifying for selective sowing schedules and varietal choice to improve resource efficiency for subsistence farmer.