FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, NIGERIA
SOCIOECONOMIC DYNAMICS AND RESILIENCE STRATEGIES AMONG MAIZE FARMER’S MICROCREDIT UTILIZATION IN SABON GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigated the socioeconomic dynamics and resilience strategies among maize farmers utilizing microcredit in Sabon Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 240 maize farmers, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that most farmers were male (94%) and within the economically active age group of 30–39 years (58%). A majority were married (72%) and had at least secondary education (72%), with an average household size of eight persons and mean farming experience of 14 years. Most respondents operated small-scale farms (58%, 1.00–1.99 ha), with land mainly acquired through inheritance (71%). Microcredit was primarily utilized for purchasing inputs (19%), processing and packaging (15%), and working capital (12%), while some funds supported education (9%), healthcare (11%), and personal investments (3–6%). However, only 8% of farmers exhibited high utilization, indicating constraints related to limited financial literacy and restrictive loan conditions. Major production constraints included high input costs (25.7%), drought (23.5%), and poor soil fertility (14.1%). Farmers adopted coping strategies such as livestock sales, irrigation practices, and organic soil management. The study concludes that microcredit supports farm and household needs but its effectiveness is constrained by access limitations and production challenges. It recommends improved microcredit accessibility, financial literacy programs, and investment in irrigation infrastructure to enhance productivity and resilience.
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MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTOR OF Coptodon zillii, Hepsetus odoe, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, and Alestes nurse IN UREJE RESERVOIR, ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA
This study aimed to assess the morphometric characteristics, length-weight relationship, and condition factor of fish species in Ureje Reservoir, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Samples of five fish species from the reservoir were collected for 24 months covering the wet and dry seasons, and the weight of each fish sample were taken monthly using top top-loading sensitive weighing balance. Their total length and standard length were taken using a meter rule calibrated in centimetres. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics to determine means and standard deviations on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (20.0). Condition Factor (K) and Length- weight Relationship were calculated. Analysis of fish morphometric revealed seasonal differences in Growth performance and condition factors. Morphometric measurements revealed seasonal variations in the studied fish species. During the dry season, Coptodon zillii had a mean body weight of 85.53 ± 50.64 g, total length (TL) of 16.44 ± 4.72 cm, and standard length (SL) of 13.60 ± 4.66 cm (n = 110), while Hepsetus odoe recorded a mean weight of 258.46 ± 46.53 g, TL of 27.20 ± 3.75 cm, and SL of 24.56 ± 3.73 cm (n = 10). In contrast, Oreochromis niloticus exhibited a higher condition factor in the wet season (K = 2.85) compared with the dry season, while Clarias gariepinus recorded K = 2.43 in the dry season. The length–weight relationships indicated negative allometric growth in most species, with O. niloticus showing b = 2.41 in the wet season and b = 2.17 in the dry season. Overall, the wet season produced better growth performance and condition factor, reflecting improved feeding conditions and environmental suitability.
EFFECT OF RATE AND TIME OF POULTRY MANURE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF JUTE MALLOW (Corchorus olitorius L.) IN SUDAN SAVANNAOF NIGERIA
This study was conducted at the Irrigation Research Farm of Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State during the dry seasons of 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 to evaluate the effect of rates and time of poultry manure application on the growth and yield of Jute mallow. The treatments consisted of five (5) rates of poultry manure at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 t/ha and three times of poultry manure application; 2 weeks before planting, 1 week before planting and at planting in a 6 x 3 factorial experiment fitted into a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. Data were collected on growth parameters like; plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, dry matter weight (g) and leafy yield kg ha-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all measurements was performed using SAS software package 2003 version. The results showed that application of poultry manure 25 t ha-1 had a better performance on growth and yield parameters like; plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, dry matter weight(g) and leafy yield kg ha-1 over other rates of poultry manure evaluated and time of application of poultry manure 2 weeks before planting resulted in a better performance in all growth: growth and yield parameters like; plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, dry matter weight(g) and leafy yield kg ha-1 and yield attributes over the other timings evaluated in this trial. A combination of 25 t ha-1 with application time (2) weeks before planting.
WEED AND ISNTECT MANAGEMENT AS INFLUENCED BY WEEDING AND NEEM LEAF EXTRACT SPRYING REGIMES IN THE SUDAN SAVANNA
Field trials were conducted in 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 dry seasons at Zakirai (12° 60'N, 8°53'0E), Gabasawa Local Government, Kano State to study the response of sweet pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L) to weeding and spraying regimes using neem leaf extract in the Sudan savanna. The experiment consisted of four cultivars of sweet pepper (Dan Alko, California Wonder, Dan Damasak and Yolo Wonder), three hoe weeding Weedy check, weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and four spraying regimes (0, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after transplanting) which were factorially combined and laid out in a split plot design. Data were collected on weed components such as weed cover score, weed dry weight, weed density and weed control efficiency, and on damage caused by insects on pepper. The results of this study revealed that weeding regimes had significantly affected weed density, weed dry weigh and weed cover score. The Weedy check plot consistently recorded the highest weed cover score, weed dry weight, weed density and the lowest was recorded in weed control efficiency. The use of neem leaf extracts was found to be effective only on weed control efficiency.
CHARACTERIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ALONG TOPOSEQUENCE IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH FARM OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE.
This study characterized and classified soils along a toposequence in the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria, with emphasis on morphological, physical, and chemical properties and their implications for soil classification and land use. Four representative pedons were described along upper, mid, and lower slope positions using standard field and laboratory procedures. Morphological observations revealed ochric epipedons in all pedons, while argillic (Bt/Btg) horizons occurred in Pedons 1, 2, and 4, indicating active clay illuviation. Redoximorphic features, including mottling and gleyed matrix colours, were prominent in lower slope positions, reflecting periodic waterlogging and drainage limitations. Physical properties showed marked textural differentiation along the toposequence, ranging from sandy loam in upland soils to sandy clay and loam downslope, with bulk density generally increasing with depth and reaching values >1.6 Mg m⁻³ in lower slope soils, implying reduced porosity and aeration. Chemical analyses indicated near-neutral to strongly alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity except in a sodic subsoil horizon (ESP ≈17%), and generally low organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, despite consistently high base saturation. Based on USDA Soil Taxonomy, the soils were classified as Aquic Haplustalf (Pedon 1), Typic Haplustalf (Pedon 2), Typic Ustipsamment (Pedon 3), and sodic Haplustalf (Pedon 4). Corresponding WRB classes were Gleyic Luvisol, Haplic Luvisol, Haplic Arenosol, and Gleyic Luvisol (sodic phase). The results shows strong topographic control on soil development, fertility status, and management potential, with upland soils being coarse-textured and weakly developed, and downslope soils showing higher clay content, density, and sodicity-related constraints.
EMERGENCY REPAIR OF A RUPTURED UMBILICAL HERNIA IN A 6-WEEK-OLD PIGLET: CASE REPORT AND OUTCOME
A six-week-old Nigerian local breed piglet was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Jos, with an avulsed umbilical hernia exposing the intestines to the external environment. After evaluation of the patient, the condition was found to require surgical management. The piglet was sedated with xylazine administered at 0.15ml/kg, intramuscularly. The skin at the operation site was cleaned with antiseptic solution (Dettol®), shaved and draped. The skin was infiltrated locally with lignocaine plus adrenalin and the exposed intestine cleaned with normal saline and returned back to the abdominal cavity. The abdominal muscles were subsequently sutured with Chromic Catgut in a continuous non-interrupted pattern. The subcutaneous tissue was sutured with chromic catgut using a subcuticular suture pattern; the skin was sutured with nylon using the horizontal matrix pattern. The post-surgical care included the administration of penicillin-streptomycin at 1.0 ml per 10kg intramuscularly for five days. The piglet was gruel fed during this period and the skin stitches removed 12 days later with the piglet making a full recovery.
INSECTICIDES TREATED NETS (ITNS) USAGE INTENSITY AND SELF-REPORTED MALARIA PREVALENCE AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.
This study examined the insecticides treated nets (ITNs) usage intensity and self-reported malaria prevalence among rural households in Osun State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 595 households from 6 rural LGAs. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, Tobit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed to analyse the data. 67.6% of the households have under-6 children, 36.3% have at least a pregnant woman, 71.8% have no ITNs while 8.4%, 10.1% and 8.1% have 3, 4 and 5 household members, respectively sleeping under ITNs. Tobit estimates revealed that ITNs usage intensity was significantly influenced by sex of household heads (β=-0.1666; p<0.01), mother’s years of schooling (β=0.0132; p<0.1), number of pregnant women (β=0.1110; p<0.01), number of ITNs in the house (β=0.1448; p<0.01), number of people sleeping under ITNs (β=0.1713; p<0.01), electricity (β=-0.1366; p<0.05), electric fan (β=0.1202; p<0.1) and households percapita expenditure (β=-1.39e-06; p<0.01). OLS estimates revealed that prevalence of self-reported malaria was significantly influenced by sex of household head (β=3.6534; p<0.01), distance to water source (β=4.6119; p<0.01), numbers sleeping under ITNs (β=-0.9339; p<0.01), environment neatness (β=-0.7307; p<0.1), distance to irrigation/open water body (β=-0.1625; p<0.01), water source (β=-0.8359; p<0.05) and ITNs usage intensity (β=-5.0294; p<0.05). This study concluded that the use of ITNs reduces the prevalence of malaria but households with at least an ITNs and usage intensity were abysmally low, hence the need to intensify efforts at extending access to affordable and effective ITNs as an efficient means of malaria control.
USE OF REGRESSION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: BEYOND LINEAR MODELS
Research aims to systematically acquire knowledge through data collection, analysis, and interpretation to answer questions and enhance understanding. Therefore, this study seeks to provide insight into the use of regression in social science research, extending beyond linear models. Social research in agricultural extension aims to understand the dynamics, behaviours, and felt needs of rural communities to improve resource distribution and innovation, ultimately increasing agricultural productivity and informing policy decisions. A robust methodology was employed to establish a clear research framework, sampling methods, and data analysis techniques, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results. Social science research outcomes established relationships between dependent and independent variables, focusing on estimating or predicting outcomes as well as managing the effects of independent variables. Regression analysiss is useful and powerful for interpreting, validating, reporting, and explaining covariates. This study highlights the uniqueness of regression compared to other test tools, and the study outlines the basic criteria for selecting appropriate regression models. In conclusion, it underscores the assumptions behind both linear and nonlinear regression and emphasizes the advantages of regression analysis over other testing tools in social science research. Additionally, the study provides insight into various types of nonlinear regression, including their strengths and limitations. Therefore the study recommends that researchers should strive to thoroughly understand test tools, seek further understanding, and employ both linear and nonlinear regression techniques for accurate data interpretation.
DETERMINANTS OF FARMLAND MARKET PARTICIPATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
Farmland access remains a key constraint for smallholder farmers in Nigeria, with increasing reliance on the land rental market. This study investigates the determinants of farmland market participation among smallholder farmers in Ogun State across different land arrangement types, socio-economic characteristics, and participation outcomes. Primary data from 150 respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, bivariate logit model, and a problem ranking index. Result of the socio-economic analysis revealed that most farmers were above 40 years, with farming as a secondary occupation for many. Participation in the rental market was notable, with 58% renting in land and 41.3% renting out. Multinomial regression results showed that education significantly reduced the likelihood of choosing ownership (p < 0.001), communal (p = 0.056), and sharecropping (p = 0.009). Farm size positively influenced selection of ownership (B = 0.81, p = 0.001) and communal (B = 1.11, p = 0.004) arrangements. Bivariate logit estimates showed land size significantly reduced the likelihood of renting in (B = -0.84, p = 0.012) but increased renting out (B = 1.02, p = 0.018). Household size increased rent-in participation (B = 0.56, p = 0.031), whereas age significantly influenced rent-out decisions (B = 0.44, p = 0.022). The significant correlation coefficient (rho = 0.411, p = 0.008) indicated interdependence between both decisions. The findings reveal a dynamic farmland market shaped by socio-economic pressures and land scarcity. Land tenure arrangements, farmers' cooperatives, and land information services need to be strengthened to improve land access and rural productivity.
EFFECT OF POST-HARVEST LOSS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF COWPEA FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.
Effect of post-harvest loss management strategies on the food security status of cowpea farming households in Kogi State, Nigeria was the focus of this work. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 250 farmers across the agricultural zones of the State. Descriptive statistics, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and binary logit regression were used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that sun drying (93%), timely harvesting (88%), and timely marketing (78%) were the most commonly used post-harvest loss management strategies. Findings further revealed that majority of the households were food insecure. Binary logit results indicated that post-harvest loss incidence (p < 0.01), household size (p < 0.01), gender (p < 0.05), and age (p < 0.01) negatively influenced food security, while cowpea income (p < 0.01) and farming experience (p < 0.01) had positive and significant effects on the food security of households. However, post-harvest loss management strategies were not significant. The study concludes that mere use of post-harvest loss management strategies does not guarantee improved food security conditions for the households in the study area. The study recommends that structural frameworks and policies that will Promote the appropriate and efficient use of post-harvest loss management strategies coupled with requisite training, credit and institutional support in other to reduce the incidence of post-harvest losses in the study area.
SEX AND AGE EFFECTS ON HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM METABOLITES OF NOILER CHICKEN
Haematological investigation provides the opportunity to clinically study the presence of several metabolites and other constituents in the body of animals and it plays a vital role in the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of an organism. A total of one-hundred and fifty (150)- day old Noiler chicken (70 –males and 80 females) were used to study the impacts of sex and age on hematology and serum metabolites in Noiller chicken. Data collected at 6th, 8th, and 10th week on hematological parameters and serum biochemistry were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. At 6th week, sex had no significant effect (p>0.05) in both hematology parameters and serum metabolites. At 8th week, sex significantly (p<0.05) affected Mean corpuscular volume ( MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) and chloride, with higher values recorded in female except in chloride. Sex effect was observed in white blood cell (WBC), total protein (TP) and AST at 10th week. In female virtually all the parameters considered were significantly (p<0.05) affected by age, except red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), glucose, chloride, urea and creatinine. While in male, age effect was only observed in urea, MCH, MCV, WBC and platelet. The correlations among the hematology parameters ranged between -0.678 and 0.999 while among the metabolites was -0.958 and 0.586 for both sexes. It could be concluded that hemato-biochemical parameters considered are age–dependent in female more than male while sex effects were limited.
CONSUMERS’ PREFERENCES AND DETERMINANTS OF RETAIL TOMATO PURCHASE DECISION IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
This study examines consumers’ preferences and the key determinants of retail tomato purchase decisions in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 144 tomato consumers using a structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews and electronically recorded using Kobo Toolbox. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were employed to analyse collected data. The results show that traditional open markets and street vendors dominate tomato retail patronage, reflecting the central role of informal retail channels in urban food provisioning. Proximity, affordability, and perceived freshness were the most frequently cited reasons for outlet choice. Factor analysis identified four major constructs. Quality, Price, Location, and Attitude which together explained 73.6% of the total variance in consumer preferences. Quality-related attributes associated with handling and freshness preservation emerged as the most influential determinants, followed by price-related factors and outlet accessibility. Attitudinal factors, including consumers’ confidence in judging tomato quality, also played a significant role in shaping purchasing behaviour. The findings suggest that consumer preferences for tomatoes in Kano Metropolis are multidimensional, driven primarily by freshness cues, price sensitivity, and convenience. The study highlights the need for improved post-harvest handling practices, better hygiene in informal markets, and enhanced retail infrastructure to improve product quality and consumer satisfaction. These results provide useful insights for policymakers and value chain actors seeking to strengthen urban tomato marketing systems and improve food access in rapidly growing cities.
IMPACT OF LAND DEGRADATION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALLHOLDER SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM) FARMERS AND THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES ON THEIR OUTPUT IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA.
This study examined the impact of land degradation on the productivity and efficiency of smallholder sugarcane farmers and the role of agricultural extension services in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 546 farmers, comprising 205 affected and 341 non-affected farmers. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression techniques. The results revealed significant differences in efficiency levels between the two groups. Affected farmers recorded lower mean technical efficiency (0.56) compared to non-affected farmers (0.73), indicating reduced capacity to convert inputs into output due to poor soil conditions. Allocative efficiency findings showed that 62.5% of affected farmers operated below 0.40 efficiency, reflecting poor input combination decisions, while non-affected farmers demonstrated better responsiveness to input prices. Similarly, economic efficiency results indicated that affected farmers were largely concentrated in lower efficiency categories, implying higher production costs relative to output. The regression analysis showed that agricultural extension services significantly influenced farmers’ output, with variables such as extension visits, access to credit, seminars, workshops, and field days positively affecting productivity. However, the impact was stronger among non-affected farmers, suggesting that land quality conditions moderate the effectiveness of extension services. The study concludes that land degradation significantly reduces productivity and efficiency in sugarcane production, while effective extension services enhance output but are constrained under degraded conditions. It recommends sustainable land management practices, strengthened extension delivery, improved access to credit, and policies aimed at soil restoration to enhance productivity and ensure sustainable sugarcane production in the study area.
SOIL DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT IN SELECTED LAND-USE TYPES OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the status of soil degradation across three prevalent land uses; farmland, grazing land, and tree plantations in Kumbotso Local Government Area, Kano State, where a total of eighteen (18) samples (six per land use) using simple random soil sampling methods were collected within the depths of 0-20 cm and composites of two samples for each land use were made and tested for physical (bulk density, texture) and chemical (N, P, K, ESP, BSP, EC, OM) properties. The laboratory results obtained were compared with the standard indicators and criteria for land degradation assessment according to FAO, 1979. The results revealed varying degrees of degradation; physical degradation was evident with tree plantations and grazing lands exhibiting higher bulk density (1.4–1.7 g cm⁻³). Most soils textureof the area were sandy (>85% sand), though some farmlands showed improved silt content (120–130 g kg⁻¹). Chemical degradation was discerned with low P (6.16–51.9 mg kg⁻¹), N (0.1–0.19%), and K (0.33–0.43 cmol/kg) respectively, organic matter depletion (0.58–1.91%) and BS below (1%) signifying very high degradation were observed, while some sites have shown high ESP (up to 31%). EC values in all the sites are within the standard (< 2 dS/m). From the findings, the comparison of the status of the soil's physical and chemical properties with the FAO standard shows that the area is undergoing degradation. Therefore, sustainable land management strategies, including rotational grazing, organic amendments, gypsum application, and agroforestry, were recommended to enhance the soil structure and fertility of the study area. Additionally, policy interventions for promoting soil conservation and farmer education are also needed to combat ongoing degradation and ensure long-term agricultural productivity.
GROWTH AND FORAGE QUALITY OF NAPIER GRASS AS RUMINANT FEED, INFLUENCED BY POULTRY LITTER APPLICATION RATE AND HARVEST AGE
This study evaluated the effects of poultry litter application rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 tons/ha) and harvest ages (45, 60, 75, and 90 days after cutback, DAC) on the growth parameters, biomass yield, proximate composition, and cell wall fiber fractions of Napier grass. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University Wukari. Poultry litter application rate significantly (p < 0.05) influenced plant height, leaf width, number of tillers, leaf: stem ratio, leaf area index (LAI), and biomass yield, with the highest biomass yield (41.04 tons/ha) recorded at 10 tons/ha. Harvest age significantly affected all measured parameters except leaf: stem ratio and stand circumference. Biomass yield peaked at 75 DAC (38.86 tons/ha), while crude protein (CP) content was highest at 60 DAC (7.85%) and lowest at 75 DAC (4.97%). Fiber fractions increased with maturity. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) between poultry litter and harvest age were observed for most growth and quality parameters. The combination of 15 t/ha poultry litter harvested at 45 DAC produced the highest CP (9.65%), while 10 tons/ha harvested at 75 DAC gave the highest biomass (48.76 tons/ha). Crude protein values across all treatments fell below the 8–12% requirement for goat production, indicating the necessity for protein supplementation. For an optimal balance of biomass yield and forage quality in smallholder goat production systems in Taraba State, poultry litter application at 10 t/ha combined with harvest at 60–75 DAC is recommended
EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER APPLICATION RATE AND MATURITY ON GROWTH COMPONENTS AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SUPER NAPIER GRASS AS RUMINANT FEED
The study was conducted at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria, to evaluate the effect of poultry litter application rate and harvesting age on growth components, herbage yield and nutritional value of Super-Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum americanum). The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arranged in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Four levels of poultry litter (0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha) and four harvesting ages (45, 60, 75, and 90 days after cutback) were evaluated. Results showed that increasing poultry litter application rate significantly (P<0.05) improved plant height, stand circumference, number of tillers, stem girth, leaf area index, and biomass yield. Plots that received 15 t/ha recorded the highest plant height (272.81 cm) and biomass yield (71.70 t/ha), while the control recorded the lowest (232.53 cm and 29.57 t/ha, respectively). Harvesting at 90 days after cutback produced the tallest plants (297.42 cm) and the highest biomass (60.14 t/ha), but with the lowest crude protein content (6.27% DM) and the highest Lignin fraction (19.71%). The 60-day harvest yielded the highest crude protein (7.32% DM). A significant (P<0.05) interaction effect was observed between application rate and harvesting age for most growth and nutritional parameters. It was concluded that poultry litter at 10 t/ha combined with harvesting at 60 days after cutback optimizes both yield and nutritional quality of Super Napier grass for ruminant feeding in the Nigerian Guinea Savanna zone
ASSESSMENT OF THE PROFITABILITY AND CONSTRAINTS OF RABBIT PRODUCTION IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Rabbit production is an emerging enterprise in Nigeria with potential to enhance rural livelihoods and food security. This study assessed the profitability and constraints of rabbit farming in Oyo State. A total of 198 respondents were sampled using three-stage sampling method. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, production costs, revenue, and constraints were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis. Results indicated that the majority of farmers were economically active adults (mean age = 41.73 years), predominantly male (62.12%), and relatively educated, with 58.59% attaining tertiary education. Small to medium flock sizes (mean = 13.45 rabbits) were common, and most respondents had limited experience (≤5 years) in rabbit production. Cooperative societies were the main source of financing, while access to extension services was low (10.6%). Economic analysis revealed that rabbit production was profitable, with a mean gross profit of ₦8,665.80, Net Farm Income of ₦3,750.44, Net Profit Margin of 16.44%, return on investment of 0.20, and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.2. Major constraints faced by the rabbit farmers included high feed cost, lack of training or extension services, fluctuating market prices, poor market access, and high mortality rates. The study concluded that while rabbit farming in Oyo State is economically viable, its sustainability is limited by several constraints. Recommendations include promoting affordable feed alternatives, strengthening extension and training programs, enhancing market access, improving veterinary support, and facilitating access to credit.
YIELD PERFORMANCE OF COWPEA VARIETIES (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) UNDER VARYING PLANT POPULATIONS AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER RATES IN NIGERIAN SAVANNA ZONE
Two field trials were conducted during the 2023 rainy season in Dutsin-Ma and Funtua to assess the yield performance of cowpea varieties (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) as influenced by plant population and phosphorus fertilizer rates in the savanna zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three varieties (SAMPEA 20T, SAMPEA 19 and ZAFA), three plant populations (22,267, 26,667 and 33,333 plants ha-1) and three phosphorus rates (30, 60 and 90 P2O5 kg ha-1). A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replications. The varietal effect significantly (P<0.05) increased cowpea yield and yield components. SAMPEA 19 demonstrated superior grain yield ha-1 performance (1766kg) compared to ZAFA (1671kg) and SAMPEA (1514kg) in Dutsin-Ma, while ZAFA yielded superior (1915kg) to SAMPEA 19(1856kg) and SAMPEA 20T(1782kg) in Funtua. The plant population of 33,333 cowpea plants ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield ha-1 (1747kg) than that of plant population 26,667(1603kg) and 22,267(1600kg) in Dutsin-Ma, while plant population of 26,667 gave significantly higher grain yield ha-1 (2016kg) than 33,333(1782kg) and 22,267(1755kg) in Funtua. Applying phosphorus fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased cowpea yield and yield components. Applying 30 P2O5 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher grain yield (1880 kg ha-1) than 1547 and 1524 kg ha-1 for 60 and 90kg P2O5 ha-1 in Dutsin-Ma, respectively, and higher grain yield (2051 kg ha-1) than 1802 and 1700 kg ha-1 for 60 and 90kg P2O5 ha-1 in Funtua, respectively. Applying 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 is the most suitable rate for cowpea production in both locations.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF MUSK MELON (Cucumis melo L.) VARIETIES TO INTRA-ROW SPACING AND POULTRY MANURE RATE IN NIGERIAN SAVANNA
A two-location trial was conducted during the 2023 wet season in Dutsin-Ma, Sudan Savanna ecological zone, and Malumfashi, Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone, Nigeria, to evaluate the growth performance of Musk melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties as influenced by intra-row spacing and rates of poultry manure application. The treatments consisted 2x3x4 factorial combinations of two varieties of musk melon (NEPTUNE F1 and URANUS F1), three different intra-row spacing (25cm, 50cm and 75cm) and four poultry manure rates (0, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare). The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Variety was only significant (P<0.05) on shoot dry weight and net assimilation rate, where NEPTUNE F1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher shoot dry weight and net assimilation rate than URANUS F1. Intra row spacing significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters, where sowing musk melon at 50cm produced significantly (P<0.05) higher shoot dry weight, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate than other intra row spacings, but 75cm intra row spacing showed better performance on number of leaves and vine length than other intra row spacings in both locations. Application of poultry manure significantly (P<0.05) increased growth parameters, where applying 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher values than most of the measured growth parameters. In conclusion, sowing NEPTUNE F1 at an intra-row spacing of 50 cm with the application of 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced better growth performance of musk melon in the study area.
EFFECT OF WEED CONTROL STRATEGIES ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) VARIETIES IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNA
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 10.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F79646 1.5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent6; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #F79646 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent6; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">A field trials was conducted in 2015 wet seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of Samaru College of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (11° 11' N, 07° 38' E, and 686m above sea level) located in the northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria and Institute of Agricultural Research Station, Minjibir, Kano state (110 50’N, 08036’E and 458m above sea level) in the Sudan savannah ecological zone of Nigeria respectively. The treatment was factorially combined and laid down in a split plot design with three groundnut varieties SAMNUT24, SAMNUT23 and KAMPALA occupying the main plot and five level of weed control that is weedy check, black polythene mulching, white polythene mulching, pre-emergence herbicide only (Pendimenthalin at 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1) and manual weeding at 3 and 6 WAS allocated to the subplot and replicated thrice. The results indicated that Plot grown to SAMNUT23 and SAMNUT24 significantly produced the highest hill count with early flowering than to KAMPALA at both locations. SAMNUT24 were generally taller than SAMNUT23 and KAMPALA at 9 WAS. The use of black polythene mulch or hoe weeding twice at 3 and 6 WAS resulted to taller plants at 9 WAS as well as had the earlier in days to 50% flowering than the weedy check. Plots with black and white polythene mulch, pendimenthalin at 1.5 a.i. kg ha-1 and hoe weeded at 3 and 6 WAS respectively, significantly led to production of more fresh and dry biomass, at 70 days and better haulm weight at harvest than plot grown to weedy check. Based on the results, it can be concluded that SAMNUT24 groundnut variety outperformed SAMUNT23 and KAMPALA with respect to growth characters. While, the use of black polythene mulch or hoe weeded at 3 and 6 WAS controls weed more effectively and resulted in better growth of groundnut in both locations.
EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION IN THE AGRO-PROCESSING PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT (APPEAL) EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME ON WOMEN’S HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOODS IN KANO AND KADUNA STATES, NIGERIA
This study examined the effect of women participation in the Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Programme on their household livelihoods in Kano and Kaduna States, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the participants, identified their livelihood activities, examined the effect of programme participation on their income, and identified constraints faced in the programme. Primary data were collected from 278 women beneficiaries, and descriptive statistics and a paired sample t-test were used to analyse changes in their income before and after programme participation. Results showed that women were largely young to middle-aged, socially integrated, and engaged in diverse livelihood activities, with farming (39.6%) and trading (23%) being most common. The paired t-test revealed a statistically significant increase in income across all livelihood categories, with mean income rising by ₦50,000 in farming, ₦56,500 in trading, ₦55,500 in processing, ₦46,000 in livestock, and ₦58,000 in artisan work (p < 0.01). Despite these gains, women faced constraints including poor market access (57.6%) and limited extension services (50.4%). The study concluded that APPEALS substantially improved women’s economic outcomes and recommends strengthening market linkages and gender-responsive support services.
DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN THE APPEALS EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Women play a vital role in agricultural production and rural livelihoods in Nigeria, yet their participation in empowerment programmes remains limited by socio-economic and cultural barriers. This study examined the determinants of women’s participation in the Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Programme in Kano and Kaduna States. Specifically, the study sought to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of women beneficiaries; assess their level of participation in programme livelihood activities; identify factors influencing their participation, and examine the constraints limiting effective engagement. Using a quantitative research method approach involving a survey of 278 women beneficiaries, descriptive statistics and a Tobit regression model were employed to analyse the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that women were mostly young to middle-aged, married, moderately educated, and strongly connected through associations, which enhanced their inclusion in the programme. Participation in farming, trading, processing, livestock and artisan activities was high, with approximately 84–85% of women demonstrating moderate to full engagement. Tobit regression results of the factors influencing participation showed that marital status (β= 0.390), occupation (β=0.600), income-generating activities (β=0.580), association membership (β=0.620), years of residence (β=0.020), and urban exposure (β=0.080) significantly increased participation. However, constraints such as poor market access, limited extension contact, high input costs, cultural norms, inadequate training, and infrastructure deficits hindered full engagement. The study recommends strengthening cooperative structures, enhancing gender-sensitive extension services, and reducing structural barriers to foster inclusive women’s empowerment.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) AMONG RICE FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The study analyzed the factors influencing rice farmers’ use of Information and Communication Technologies in six selected Local Government Areas of Kano State. The study described the socio-economic characteristics, determined factors influencing the use of ICTs and identified the perceived constraints associated with the use of ICTs by rice farmers in the study area. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 680 respondents for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression model. The result showed that the majority (70.59%) of rice farmers were male. Most (51.47%) of them were between 41-50 years of age, indicating that they were in their productive years. The majority were married (58.97%) and had large household size (61%) of between 6-10 people. Educationally, 61.76% of them were secondary certificate holders with farming experience (57.79%) between 6-10 years and 69.56% cultivated 1.1-2.0hectares of lands. The result also revealed that farmers belonged to one cooperative society and another (59.41%) with 6–10years of membership and a mean of 8years. Farmers equally had access to extension services (57.21%) and no credit facility (73.68%). The study revealed that age, sex, farming experience, household size, farm size, educational level, extension contact and membership of cooperatives significantly influenced rice farmers’ use of ICTs with an R2 value of 0.86. The perceived constraints of the farmers were high cost of ICTs, inadequate access to extension services and lack of credit facilities, epileptic network, power and electricity supplies and language barriers. It was concluded that socio-economic factors significantly influenced ICT usage among rice farmers. Farmers should make use of their membership of cooperatives to contribute money together in eradicating the problem of high cost of ICTs and also install alternative source of power to equally overcome the problem of irregular power supply.
TOMATO JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS AND EGG YOLK EXTENDERS IMPROVES BROILER ROOSTER SEMEN EXTENSION
The use of semen extenders is essential for maximizing the potential of artificial insemination in the poultry sector. The aim of this study was to assess whether a tomato-based semen extender is appropriate for semen extension in a Broiler parent stock. Three broiler roosters were used the experiment was replicated three times. The process of semen collection involved the stimulation of the copulatory organ through gentle massage of the abdomen and back areas surrounding the testes. The semen was evaluated at room temperature. Pre-extension Semen parameters evaluated were semen volume, pH, motility, concentration, morphological abnormalities and viability which were; 0.45 ± 0.05, 7.25 ± 0.35, 85 ± 7.07, 2.65 ± 0.35 (×109), 8 ± 2.43 and 94 ± 1.41 respectively. Post-extension semen parameters were evaluated at 0, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 hours. Extenders used were; Sodium citrate-Egg yolk (control), Sodium citrate and Tomato juice, Physiological solutions (Normal saline, Dextrose, and Dextrose-saline), Tomato juice and Physiological solutions and Tomato juice and Egg yolk. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and means were analyze using ANOVA. Generally, sperms motility decreased significantly with time in all the extenders. However, the combination of sodium citrate, Tomato juice and Egg-yolk based extender significantly improved semen extension up to 60% at 9 hours post extension. The study recommends the use of combination of Sodium citrate, Tomato juice and Egg-yolk for the extension of broiler rooster semen.
PLANT-BASED SEMEN EXTENDERS IN RESOURCE-LIMITED AQUACULTURE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CUCUMBER JUICE FOR AFRICAN CATFISH
Conventional semen extenders pose challenges in resource-limited settings due to high costs and cold chain dependency. This systematic review evaluates plant-based alternatives, emphasizing cucumber juice (Cucumis sativus) for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Following PRISMA guidelines, searches of Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar identified 48 studies (35 mammalian, 13 non-mammalian) meeting inclusion criteria. Analysis reveals that plant-based extenders function through dual antioxidant and antimicrobial mechanisms: phytochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins) scavenge reactive oxygen species while organic acids suppress bacterial proliferation below the spermicidal threshold of 10⁶-10⁷ CFU/mL. Optimal cucumber juice concentrations of 10-20% (v/v) improved motility duration, fertility, and hatchability in C. gariepinus while reducing oxidative markers and bacterial loads. A critical finding is the persistent divergence between mammalian cryopreservation-focused research and aquaculture's emphasis on ambient-temperature solutions using whole plant materials a translational gap representing both limitation and opportunity. Critical appraisal revealed methodological heterogeneity in extract preparation (fresh juices, aqueous/methanolic extracts, commercial lecithin) and inconsistent outcome reporting, with only 25% of studies including fertility outcomes and 43.8% reporting microbial data. No studies provided economic analyses despite claims of affordability. Research priorities include mechanistic characterization of bioactive compounds, standardized preparation protocols, fertility validation under field conditions, and cost-benefit analyses. This review confirms cucumber juice-based extenders offer a sustainable technology for artificial reproduction in resource-limited aquaculture, though standardized protocols and field validation remain essential prerequisites for widespread adoption.
TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY, SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL, BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ASSESSMENT IN GUYAKU GRAZING RESERVE, GOMBI LGA, ADAMAWA STATE.
Forests provide a variety of products and services to human societies, sustain diverse flora and fauna, and, through their interception and processing of solar energy and precipitation, influence climate and the composition of the atmosphere. Deforestation and degradation of forests lead to the emission of carbon dioxide through the burning of forest biomass and the decomposition of plant parts, soil carbon, which accelerates and contributes to a long-term rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This research aimed at determining tree species diversity, soil physicochemical, biomass and carbon stock assessment in Guyaku grazing reserve. Systematic line transects were employed in the laying of the plots. Two parallel transects of 1500m in length with a distance of 500m between the two parallel transects in the grazing reserves. Sample plots of 50m x 50m in size were laid in alternate rows along each transect at 100m intervals, with 4 sample plots per 1500m transect, totalling 8 sample plots. In each sample plot, all living trees with dbh ≥10cm were identified and measured for diameter at the base, middle and top and total height. Diameter tape/girth and Spiegel relaskop were used for tree height and diameter at the base, middle, top and dbh measurement. Soil samples were taken from four soil depths of 0 – 15cm, 16 – 30cm, 31 – 45cm and 46 – 60cm at three points (i.e. at the two edges and middle of the line). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test of significance was used to determine the difference in each soil nutrient according to depth, tree density, species diversity and richness, basal area and bio – volume of the six grazing reserves. Results show that 13 species, 6 families, 86 species/plot and 43 nha-1. Total Ba/ha 0.38cm and 4.39m3 vol/ha. The Fabaceae family has the highest frequency 30 while unknown and moraceae lowest with 7 and 8, respectively. Dbh and height class range 0-10 to 41-50 and <11 to 21-30, respectively. Total biomass, carbon stock and CO2 (5.70ton/ha, 2.85ton/ha and 10.45kg) respectively. Textural classes are sandy loam and sandy clay loam. Physical properties revealed sand 65.58±8.55% higher than silt and clay. Total bulk density 1.52±0.08g/cm3, lower than particle density 2.63±0.23glcm3. Porosity at 41.39±8.05%, while WHC at 19.74±3.08% moderate. Chemical properties showed that PH 6.52±0.33 is slightly alkaline, EC at 0.07±0.05ds/m. Organic matter 2.15±0.24% higher than OC and TN. Av-p at 9.10±0.74mg/kg. ECEC at 7.64±1.47cmol/kg is higher than Ca, Mg, Na, K, H, AI, TEB, TEA. PBS at 83.52±3.97% higher than ESP at 7.57±2.68%. The findings revealed that porous soils slightly improve growth, with soil structure and mineral density playing roles in dominant tree development. Furthermore, growth traits are moderate to strong and positive, showing good structural consistency. It is recommended that strengthening protection and sustainable management of forest and grazing reserves minimise biodiversity loss and implement comprehensive soil protection strategies.
EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND METHODS OF APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF WATERLEAF (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) (Jacq.))
Screen house trial was conducted to study the effect of plant growth hormones and methods of application on the growth and yield of waterleaf. The treatments consisted of three growth regulators (salicylic acid at the rate of 0.4g/L, coconut water at the rate of 100ml, and brassinolide at the rate of 0.1mg/L) with distilled water as control, and two methods of application of growth regulators viz; soaking and spraying, laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six replicates. Healthy juvenile stem cuttings of uniform length (10cm) were obtained and growth hormones were applied using the quick dip method for soaking and hand sprayer for spraying in accordance with the treatments. Number of days to first foliage sprout, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of days to flowering, shoot and root green biomass were studied at 7days interval. Results indicated that growth hormones significantly (p< 0.05) influenced plant height, number of leaves, days to first sprout, number of branches, absolute growth rate, fresh shoot and root weight. The fresh biomass yield of waterleaf was significantly increased by growth hormones. Salicylic acid recorded 41% and 44%, Coconut water, 27% and 25%, and Brassinolides 23% and 27% in the first and second trials respectively, relative to the control. Methods of application of the growth regulators did not significantly influenced growth of waterleaf implying that both soaking and spraying of salicylic acid, coconut water and brassinolides to stem cuttings could be adopted for improved growth and yield performances of waterleaf.
ASSESSMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN LIVESTOCK GROUP ACTIVITIES IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
Livestock production plays a significant role in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, contributing to food security, income generation, and poverty alleviation. In Kwara state, the involvement of both male and female farmers is essential for improving productivity and fostering inclusive agricultural development. The main objectives of the study was to assess the level of participation of male and female farmers in livestock group activities. Specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of livestock groups farmers in the study area, examine the level of participation in male and female livestock production activities, and identify the factors associated with participation between male and female in livestock group. An interview schedule was used to extract information from One hundred and Eighty-two Livestock groups farmers using Frequency counts, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, and Logistic regression analysis. Findings revealed that Male respondents were predominantly aged 41 above (50.4%) while female respondents 40years of age bracket (59.6%) with a mean score (38.6), secondary education being the most common (36.0% for males, 40.4% for females), majority of respondents were married (90.4% of males, 84.2% of females). Male respondents have low participation (MS 2.55) compared to female respondents demonstrated significantly higher involvement in livestock production activities (MS 2.58). The study conclude that women are actively involved in livestock production activities in the study area and the study recommended promoting inclusive livestock development programs; to address barriers to participation and leverage the strengths of both genders.
ANALYSIS OF CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMERS’ FOOD SECURITY STATUS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
The study focused on estimating the food security status of crop-livestock farmers in Kaduna State. Data were collected from 351 farmers using questionnaire. Tools of analysis used were descriptive statistics and food security index. Results shows that the mean age of most farmers 38 years. Average household size is 8 persons. Average farm sizes is 3.5 hectares., with an average farming experience of 8years in crop-livestock integration. Most (53%) of the farmers do not belong to any cooperative society, while, 59% had contact with extension agent, and 68% do not have access to credit. Food security index showed that few households 21% were food secured with an average calorie intake of 4325.13kcal daily, and 79% were food insecure with an average calorie intake of 1287.77kcal daily. 45% of farmers identified high cost of inputs, while 38% of farmers identified inadequate capital as constraints respectively. The study recommends that households who are not food secured be assisted, both by Government and Non-Government Organizations with farm input at a subsidise rate, to help them increase production of staple crops and livestock to enhance their income and by extension improve their food security status.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION MAPPING OF EARLY LEAF SPOT RESISTANCE AND YIELD TRAITS IN GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) REVEALS NOVEL SNP MARKERS FOR MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING
Groundnut, an important food and oilseed crop globally, but its productivity is constrained by early leaf spot (ELS) disease and limited genetic diversity. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity, population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) for ELS resistance and pod weight sing 3,592 SNP markers in a mini core collection of groundnut accessions. After quality filtering, 964 SNPs were retained for downstream analyses. Population structure analysis using STRUCTURE software revealed two subpopulations, consistent with cluster analysis based on geographic origin. LD decay was moderate, dropping to r² = 0.1 at approximately 2 Mb, which is suitable for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Nineteen significant MTAs (p < 0.001) were identified across environments and conditions. SNP marker SM01 on chromosomes A05 and B05 showed a remarkably high phenotypic variance explained (PVE) of 63.56% for ELS at 65 days after sowing (DAS), indicating a strong potential for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Other moderate-effect SNPs such as SM02 and SM07 demonstrated stable associations across locations and conditions, particularly for ELS at 90 DAS and pod weight. The findings confirm the feasibility of using SNP-based GWAS for dissecting complex traits in groundnut and highlight genomic regions of interest for breeding ELS-resistant and high-yielding cultivars. The identified markers provide a valuable genomic resource for accelerating genetic improvement in groundnut through MAS and genomic selection. Future work should focus on validating these markers across diverse germplasm and environments to ensure robust application in breeding programs.